MicroRNAs in Development Methods and Protocols
Since the discovery of microRNAs, developmental biologists have striven to understand the role of miRNAs in development and disease. MicroRNAs in Development: Methods and Protocols collects contributions from expert researchers in order to provide practic
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Molecular Biology™
Series Editor John M. Walker School of Life Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
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MicroRNAs in Development Methods and Protocols
Edited by
Tamas Dalmay School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
Editor Tamas Dalmay, Ph.D. School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich, UK [email protected]
ISSN 1064-3745 e-ISSN 1940-6029 ISBN 978-1-61779-082-9 e-ISBN 978-1-61779-083-6 DOI 10.1007/978-1-61779-083-6 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011923430 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Humana Press, c/o Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Humana Press is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface How do a lion or an orchid develop from a single cell? Answering this question in detail has fascinated developmental biologists for a long time. Plants and animals can have simple or very complex body organization but they all derive from a single cell, the fertilised egg. This cell divides and the progeny cells divide many–many times to build the entire body but the genetic information does not change during these cell divisions. Therefore, all our cells contain the same genetic information but there are many different tissues with specialised functions in our body. These tissues are different from each other because a different set of proteins are present in the cells that make up a certain tissue. The reason for this is that only a certain set of genes are active in each cell. Gene expression is a relatively complex process; therefore, it can be regulated at several layers. First the chromosomal DNA is transcribed into mRNA and this step is regulated by various mechanisms. For example, transcription factor proteins can activate or suppress the transcription and certain modifications of
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