Phylogenetic and pathogenic analyses of two virulent Newcastle disease viruses isolated from Crested Ibis ( Nipponia nip
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Phylogenetic and pathogenic analyses of two virulent Newcastle disease viruses isolated from Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon) in China Shengli Chen • Huafang Hao • Qingtian Liu • Rong Wang • Peng Zhang • Xinglong Wang • Enqi Du • Zengqi Yang
Received: 22 November 2012 / Accepted: 12 January 2013 / Published online: 24 January 2013 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
Abstract The crested ibis is one of the most endangered birds in the world, found only in Shaanxi Province in Central China, and it has been reintroduced in Sadogashima in Japan. Two Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates were collected from sick crested ibises, and their pathogenic and phylogenetic characteristics were investigated. The results showed that they are virulent, with intracerebral pathogenicity indices of 1.46–1.83 and a mean time of death of 54.4–84.4 h. They shared the same virulent motif 112-R-R-Q-K-R-F-117 at the F protein cleavage site. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that both isolates were clustered with class II NDVs, with one in genotype VIId and another in a novel genotype (provisionally designated as VIi). The two isolates shared high homology with the strains isolated from poultry flocks in the same region from 2006 to 2010. We first isolated and characterised the NDV isolates from crested ibises, one of which showed new genetic characteristics and formed a new subgenotype with isolates from pigeons and ostriches in the same area. These data are useful for further epidemiological studies on NDV and the protection of crested ibises. Keywords Crested Ibis Newcastle disease virus Nipponia Nippon Phylogenetic analysis Pathogenic analysis
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11262-013-0881-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. S. Chen H. Hao Q. Liu R. Wang P. Zhang X. Wang E. Du Z. Yang (&) College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China e-mail: [email protected] S. Chen e-mail: [email protected]
Introduction The crested ibis (Nipponia nippon) is a globally endangered bird. Historically, the ibis was widely distributed in Japan, China, Korea and the Russian Far East. However, during the early twentieth century, its population declined sharply and went extinct in most of its former range. Now, the ibis could only be found in the Shaanxi Province of China and the Sado Island in Japan, which were a gift by the Chinese government in 1998, 2000 and 2007. This endangered avian species is included in the State Protection List of China and considered a national treasure. Since the first rediscovery of seven ibises (two breeding pairs and three fledged chicks) on the south slope of the Qinling Mountains in Central China in 1981 [1], the ibis population has increased to over 1,500 birds through 30 years of intensive conservation efforts. However, the species is still in danger because of habitat loss, small population size, limited range, winter starvati
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