Physical pretreatment and algal enzyme hydrolysis of dried low-grade and waste longan fruits to enhance its fermentable
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Physical pretreatment and algal enzyme hydrolysis of dried low-grade and waste longan fruits to enhance its fermentable sugar production Tu Vy Thuy Nguyen 1,2 & Yuwalee Unpaprom 2,3 & Kanokwan Tandee 4 & Kanda Whangchai 5 & Rameshprabu Ramaraj 1,2 Received: 9 October 2020 / Revised: 16 November 2020 / Accepted: 19 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Fruit production in Thailand has been increasing due to the practical farmers’ knowledge of agroecology and sustainable farming. Thailand is one of the productions of the most massive fruit in southeast Asian countries. On the other hand, the status of fruit waste, which becomes stuck previous to landfills, is concerned by researchers over the years. Low-grade and waste longan fruits are also no exceptions that are feedstock material for bioethanol production. Accordingly, this study aims to evaluate bioethanol production from dried low-grade and waste longan fruits by using physical pretreatment (boiling and autoclave) and blue-green algal enzymes for hydrolysis. After pretreatment, total and reducing sugar was 227.63 ± 2.63 g/L and 89.26 ± 1.70 g/L, respectively. Algal enzymes were added at a pH of 7.0 in the hydrolysis process; subsequently, total and reducing sugar were achieved 348.68 ± 3.95 g/L and 183.33 ± 14.70 g/L, respectively. The present study shows that using algal enzymes in the hydrolysis process improves fermentable sugar production and applicable for bioethanol production. Keywords Low-grade longan fruits . Damaged longan fruits . Pretreatment . Algal enzymes . Fermentable sugars
1 Introduction Nowadays, alternative energy plays an essential energy demand of human in the world. For example, some alternative energy, methanol, biobutanol, biodiesel, biogas, and hydrogen, increased interest in the improvement and development of technologies’ production and sourced from natural resources. One biofuel can resolve bioethanol’s energy crisis due to this liquid biofuel, for example, octane number (108), evaporation enthalpy, flame speed, and a more extensive * Rameshprabu Ramaraj [email protected]; [email protected] 1
School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand
2
Sustainable Resources and Sustainable Engineering Research Lab, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand
3
Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand
4
Faculty of Engineering and Agro-Industry, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand
5
Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
range of flammability. Therefore, bioethanol’s blended capability with gasoline or diesel at a higher compression ratio and shorter burning time can produce a new solution to decrease the pollution for the environment and raise the engine performance [1–3]. Bioethanol can be produced from biomass through microbial fermentation by converting fermentable sugar to ethanol in anae
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