A comparative study of Candida species diversity among patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral potentially m
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BMC Research Notes Open Access
RESEARCH NOTE
A comparative study of Candida species diversity among patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral potentially malignant disorders Sankar Leena Sankari1, Krishnan Mahalakshmi2* and Venkatesan Naveen Kumar3
Abstract Objectives: To determine the prevalence of Candida species by PCR–RFLP method in the saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) and healthy cohorts. Unstimulated saliva was collected from patients with OSCC (n = 97), OPMD (n = 200), and healthy controls (n = 200). Candida species were isolated using the standard protocol. The isolates were identified using phenotypic and genotypic methods. The odds/risk ratio was calculated using Pearson’s Chi-square test. The significance of Candidal carriage was calculated by independent T-test. Results: Oral Candidal carriage was 72.2%, 58% and 20.5% among patients with OSCC, OPMD, and healthy controls respectively. The oral Candidal carriage in OSCC and OPMD was highly significant (p = 0.0001). Non albicans Candida predominated over Candida albicans. Candida species were diverse among the study groups with a predominance of Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, and Pichia anomala formerly Candida pelliculosa. P. anomala occurrence outnumbered in health. The odds/risk ratio for OSCC and OPMD were 4.25/11.87 and 3.52/6.99 respectively. A high prevalence of non albicans Candida was observed both in all the three groups (OSCC, OPMD and healthy controls). High odds and risk ratio associates Candida species to OSCC and OPMD. Candida famata may be associated with OSCC and OPMD. Keywords: Candida, Oral squamous cell carcinoma, Oral potentially malignant disorder, Polymerase chain reaction, Restriction fragment length polymorphism Introduction Globally oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the foremost cause for mortality. OSCC is the sixth most common cancer reported globally with an annual incidence of over 300,000 cases. It is the 12th most common cancer in women and sixth in men. About 62% of the cases arise in developing countries. In South-central *Correspondence: [email protected] 2 Department of Microbiology, Research Lab for Oral‑systemic Health, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600100, Tamil Nadu, India Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
Asia, it is the third most common type of cancer. In South and South East Asia, high incidence of oral cancer is found in Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan and Taiwan [1]. The age-adjusted rates can vary from over 20 per 100,000 populations in India, to 10 per 100,000 in the United States, and less than 2 per 100,000 in the Middle East [2]. OSCC are most often preceded by clinically apparent oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD).The presence of Candida species in oral leukoplakia has strengthened its association to with OSCC as well [3]. Candida species have been linked to etiopathogenesis of OSCC and oral pot
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