An assessment of Pleurotus ostreatus to remove sulfonamides, and its role as a biofilter based on its own spent mushroom
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
An assessment of Pleurotus ostreatus to remove sulfonamides, and its role as a biofilter based on its own spent mushroom substrate Begoña Mayans 1,2 & Raquel Camacho-Arévalo 1 & Carlos García-Delgado 3,4 Consuelo Escolástico 2 & María Luz Segura 5 & Enrique Eymar 1
&
Rafael Antón-Herrero 1 &
Received: 2 July 2020 / Accepted: 30 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A double strategy based on the removal of sulfonamide antibiotics by Pleurotus ostreatus and adsorption on spent mushroom substrate was assessed to reclaim contaminated wastewater. P. ostreatus was firstly tested in a liquid medium fortified with five sulfonamides: sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole, sulfapyridine and sulfamethazine, to evaluate its capacity to remove them and to test for any adverse effects on fungal growth and for any reduction in residual antibiotic activity. P. ostreatus was effective in removing sulfonamides up to 83 to 91% of the applied doses over 14 days. The antibiotic activity of the sulfonamide residues was reduced by 50%. Sulfamethoxazole transformation products by laccase were identified, and the degradation pathway was proposed. In addition, P. ostreatus growth on a semi-solid medium of spent mushroom substrate and malt extract agar was used to develop a biofilter for the removal of sulfonamides from real wastewater. The biofilter was able to remove more than 90% of the sulfonamide concentrations over 24 h by combining adsorption and biodegradation mechanisms. Keywords Antibiotics . Emerging pollutants . Biodegradation . Adsorption . Fungi . Laccase . Wastewater
Abbreviation GI% Percentage of bacterial growth inhibition HQ Hazard quotient IU Unit of enzyme activity ME Malt extract
Responsible Editor: Tito Roberto Cadaval Jr Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11078-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Carlos García-Delgado [email protected] 1
Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
2
Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, National Distance Education University (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain
3
Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (INASA-CSIC), 37008 Salamanca, Spain
4
Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
5
Institute of Research and Training in Agriculture and Fisheries (IFAPA), Junta of Andalusia, 0475 La Mojonera, Almeria, Spain
MEA MnP OD600 PNEC SAs SDZ SM SMS SMX SMZ SP STZ SX WWTP
Malt extract agar Mn peroxidase Optical density at 600 nm Predicted no-effect concentration Sulfonamides Sulfadiazine Sulfamerazine Spent mushroom substrate Sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethazine Sulfapyridine Sulfathiazole Sulfamonomethoxine Wastewater treatment plant
Introduction The spread of antibiotics into the environment is a global concern because of their potential ecological risk
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