Application of Azospirillum on seeds and leaves, associated with Rhizobium inoculation, increases growth and yield of co
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Application of Azospirillum on seeds and leaves, associated with Rhizobium inoculation, increases growth and yield of common bean Letícia Dambroz Filipini1 · Fernanda Kokowicz Pilatti2 · Edenilson Meyer1 · Barbara Santos Ventura1 · Cledimar Rogério Lourenzi1 · Paulo Emílio Lovato1 Received: 1 May 2020 / Revised: 13 September 2020 / Accepted: 13 October 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Association of rhizobia with other plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), such as Azospirillum, have the potential to increase crop yields. This work aimed to assess how Rhizobium tropici and Azospirillum brasilense alone or in combination, affect the growth and yields of common bean grains (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In a field experiment, R. tropici and A. brasilense were inoculated on seeds, alone or in combination, associated or not with foliar spraying of A. brasilense. Shoot biomass, nitrogen accumulation, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield were evaluated. Application of A. brasilense, on seed or by foliar spraying, and seed inoculation of R. tropici, had an additive effect, increasing biomass and accumulated nitrogen, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Keywords Co-inoculation · Nitrogen · Phaseolus vulgaris · Plant-growth promoting bacteria
Introduction Co-inoculation of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), such as Rhizobium and Azospirillum, in crops such as common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), has the potential to increase plant growth and yield. Those PGPB are known to promote plant growth through biological nitrogen fixation, nutrient solubilization, and phytohormones production and are commonly used in agriculture worldwide. Rhizobia promote plant growth mainly due to biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). This association between plant and rhizobia can provide all the nitrogen demand of the crop and ensure high yields (Hungria et al. 2017). That is due to the action of the nitrogenase BNF enzyme located inside root nodules, which transform atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which is then assimilated by the plant (Bruijn 2015). Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. * Paulo Emílio Lovato [email protected] 1
Rural Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
Campus Pelotas-Visconde da Graça, Instituto Federal Sul-rio-grandense, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
2
Common bean plants have the ability to associate symbiotically with a wide range of nitrogen fixing bacteria species (Ferreira et al. 2009; Soares et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2011). Nevertheless, nitrogen fixation in bean plants has low efficiency in comparison with other legume species (Fageria et al. 2014). This crop still depends on mineral nitrogen fertilizers, with a high environmental cost, as nitrogen losses in soil may reach 70% of the total amount applied, with potential to contaminate water sources an emit greenhouse gases (Jadoski et al. 2010; Carvalho et al. 2018). Besides rhizobia, inoculants containing Azospirillum are also used in agriculture for their
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