Architected mechanical designs in tissue engineering
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Architected mechanical designs in tissue engineering Zacharias Vangelatos , Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Laser Thermal Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Chenyan Wang and Zhen Ma, Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA Costas P. Grigoropoulos, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Laser Thermal Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Address all correspondence to Costas P. Grigoropoulos at [email protected] (Received 30 June 2020; accepted 28 July 2020)
Abstract The deeper comprehension of biological phenomena has led to the pursuit of designing and architecting complex biological systems. This has been incorporated through the advances in bioprinting of artificial organs and implants even at the microscale. In addition, tissue modeling has been employed to understand and prevent malfunctional and detrimental mechanisms that lead to fatal diseases. Furthermore, the endeavor to convey the mechanical properties of both scaffolds and cells has enabled the unveiling of disease modeling and regenerative medicine. This paper aims to provide a brief review of the design, modeling and characterization of conventional and architected structures employed in bioengineering.
Introduction During the last decades, there has been a significant progress in the design and modeling of artificial tissue engineering. That is a repercussion of our assiduity to deeper comprehend both the cellular and extracellular matrix (ECM) behavior of such systems.[1] However, their mechanical response is evinced substantially differently for a variety of different mechanisms, such as shear stresses in blood vessels[2,3] for blood flow or tensional and compressive forces in muscles[1] for instance. In addition, the environment wherein the cells reside has an imperative role in their response.[4] Different external stimuli can affect the development and growth of the ECM and the cells in remarkably different ways.[5,6] To this end, tissue modeling has been exponentially contemplated to provide an answer on how the combination of applied forces and the structural environment affects the cellular behavior.[7] Based on either fundamental mechanics[8] or in vitro testing,[9] the mechanical behavior of the cells can be illuminated depending on the applied external stimuli. The characteristic examples of such phenomena are the dynamic reorganization of the cytoskeleton,[10] tension-dependent assembly of the actin and myosin into stress fibers, the crossbridge cycling between the actin and myosin filaments,[11] or even the triggering of specific internalization pathways, such as endocytosis and macropinocytosis.[1] Furthermore, from the perspective of the design variables that can be tailored, the properties of the ECM or the scaffold, such as the rigidity[12,13] and configuration of the struct
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