Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface sediments of the Montenegrin coast: a 10-year review
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SEDIMENTS AS A DYNAMIC NATURAL RESOURCE - FROM CATCHMENT TO OPEN SEA
Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface sediments of the Montenegrin coast: a 10-year review Danijela Joksimović 1
&
Ana Perošević 1 & Ana Castelli 1 & Branka Pestorić 1 & Danijela Šuković 2 & Dijana Đurović 3
Received: 5 June 2019 / Accepted: 30 September 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Purpose Heavy metals are among the most common environmental pollutants, which can be introduced into coastal areas from natural and anthropogenic sources, and thereby possibly impact marine organisms and human population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the pollution level of Montenegrin coastal sediments by determining the concentrations of 10 metals and metalloids (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cr, Cd, As, and Hg) during one whole decade. Materials and methods Sediment samples were collected from 11 sites along the Montenegrin coast during the 2005–2016 exposure to different levels and sources of anthropogenic impact. The extent of pollution was estimated by determining total element concentrations in the sediment. Mineralized samples were analyzed for Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, Cr, As, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Hg. Pollution status was evaluated using the contamination factor, pollution load index, and geo-accumulation index, as well as statistical methods, such as Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and cluster analysis (CA). Results and discussion This study showed that concentrations of individual metals at some locations were extremely high. The metal concentrations (in mg kg−1) ranged as follows: Fe 1995–45,498; Mn 135–1139; Zn 10–1596; Cu 3.8–2719; Ni 2.94–267; Pb 0.1–755; Cr 2.5–369; Cd 0.1–5.4; As 0.1–39.1; and Hg 0.01–14.2. The calculated concentration factor and pollution load index indicates enrichment by either natural processes or anthropogenic influences. The geo-accumulation index value (Igeo) showed that one location was strongly or extremely polluted (3.78 < Igeo ≤ 6.15) with Hg in all investigated years, while extreme Igeo values for four bioactive elements, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn, were found in only a few single samples. Conclusions On the basis of the obtained values, it can be concluded that generally higher metal contents were distributed in Boka Kotorska Bay sites, although some extreme values were also recorded at the locations outside of the Bay. Geoaccumulation index and pollution load index showed that the metal levels were high enough to pose risk to the ecosystem. Keywords Montenegrin coast . Pollution indexes . Sediment . Trace metals
1 Introduction Responsible editor: Jasmina Obhodas Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02480-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Danijela Joksimović [email protected] 1
Institute of Marine Biology, University of Montenegro, P. Box 69, Dobrota bb, 85330 Kotor, Montenegro
2
Centre for Ecotoxicological Research, Bulevar Šarla De Gola 2, 81000 Podg
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