Biodiesel from Waste Olive Oil: Transesterification Kinetics, Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Consumption
Biodiesel was produced by transesterification of waste olive oil with methanol catalyzed with sodium methoxide at 60°C. A simple kinetic model was developed for this process resulting in a second order reaction, first order in methanol and triglycerides,
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duction Biodiesel is defined as “a fuel comprised of mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats” [1]. Transesterification (also called alcoholysis) of triglycerides [2] and jojoba oilwax [3] for biodiesel manufacture has been studied in our research group in the past few years. The European Union has issued Directive 2003/30/EC, which mandates the use of biofuels in a percentage ranging from 2% in 2005 to 5.75% in 2010 (calculated on the basis of energy content), for all transportation fuels marketed within the member states. It is expected that a significant portion of this amount will be biodiesel. However, although the literature concerning the production of biodiesel has increased dramatically in the last 5 years [4, 5], data related to the kinetics of transesterification are rather scarce: [6] presented the kinetics and final state of methano-, ethanoand butanolysis of cottonseed, peanut, soybean and sunflower oils catalyzed by sodium hydroxide and methoxide or sulphuric acid, and [7] studied the kinetics of methanolysis of sunflower oil catalyzed with KOH. The effect of water on the kinetics of cotton oil ethanolysis catalyzed by KOH [8], and the kinetics of the noncatalytic transesterification of soybean oil at 220°C and 230°C [9], was described. The kinetics of transesterification of rapeseed oil to biodiesel fuel in supercritical methanol without any catalyst was described [10], and [11] described the kinetics and mechanism of the KOH catalyzed methanolysis of rapeseed oil for biodiesel production. Moreover, the kinetics of methoxide base-catalyzed methanolysis of
L. Canoira, R. Alcántara, N. Tsiouvaras, M. Jesús García- Martínez, J.G. Galeán, and A.L. Lois Department of Chemical Engineering and Fuels, School of Mines, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Ríos Rosas 21, 28003, Madrid, Spain N. Tsiouvaras, E. Lois, and D.M. Korres School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechniou 9, Athens, 15780, Greece
S. Rauch et al. (eds.), Highway and Urban Environment, Alliance for Global Sustainability Bookseries 17, DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-3043-6_7, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010
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soybean oil at 40°C was studied [12]. To the best of our understanding, any data have been published to date on the kinetics of the transesterification of used olive frying oil catalyzed by sodium methoxide at 60°C to produce biodiesel, which is the first aim of this paper. In Spain, edible vegetable oil consumption is approximately 600 ML/year. Most of this oil (70%) is olive oil that is mainly used for deep-frying processes. According to the Spanish National Institute of Statistics, about 74 ML of waste olive oil are collected per year, which is an approximate value since most of the household waste frying oil is thrown through the drainage. Transesterification of waste olive oil to produce biodiesel could decrease the waste disposal problem. Studies concerning the exhaust emissions produced by the combustion of pur
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