Combined toxicity of imidacloprid and cadmium on histopathology and acetylcholinesterase activity in aquatic oligochaete
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Combined toxicity of imidacloprid and cadmium on histopathology and acetylcholinesterase activity in aquatic oligochaetes (Tubifex tubifex Mu¨ller, 1774) Pakorn Lekvongphiboon . Nalena Praphairaksit
Received: 21 September 2019 / Accepted: 17 April 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Imidacloprid is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides that has been applied in many farmlands and was detected in many water resources worldwide. However, not only this insecticide but also cadmium was found in the agricultural wastewater in close proximity to industrial areas. This research aims to investigate the acute toxicity of imidacloprid and cadmium on the biochemical changes, pathological changes and accumulation of cadmium in Tubifex tubifex after 24- and 48-h exposure. The results show that combined toxicity of two chemicals was synergistic. In combined toxicity test, cadmium accumulation and acetylcholinesterase activity in worm tissue were significantly increased when compared with the single test. The severity of histopathology shows a dose-dependent relationship. Epidermal and gut cell degeneration, hyperplasia of epidermal and gut cells, irregular surface of the epidermis, overexpression of chloragosome and nerve degeneration were observed. Overall, this research provides useful bio-markers to assess the toxicity of imidacloprid and cadmium on the aquatic environment. Keywords LC50 Imidacloprid Cadmium Tubifex worm Histopathology AChE activity Biological indicator P. Lekvongphiboon N. Praphairaksit (&) Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10300, Thailand e-mail: [email protected]
Introduction Agricultural productivity is an essential factor in the livelihood of the global population. Increasing population will result in the agricultural sector needing to accelerate the production process and adapt to the agro-industrialization to meet the increasing demand (Mestre et al. 2019). One way to reduce the damage in the agricultural industry is the use of insecticides for the elimination of and protection against insect pests. At present, extensive research is being conducted in order to study the impact of each insecticide on the ecosystem. However, contamination of chemicals in water sources is not confined to any specific pesticides (Cang et al. 2017). Especially in the agricultural land in close proximity to industrial areas, there may be contamination from other chemicals such as heavy metals as well. Hence, to determine the toxicity of chemicals to aquatic organisms, it is necessary to study the toxicity of substances that can be found in that water source simultaneously. Imidacloprid is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which is most commonly used in the paddy fields to control the pests (Tomizawa and Casida 2005). However, the impacts of this insecticide in nontarget organisms are still being reported (Kai Wang et al. 2015; Cang et al. 2017; Anderson et al. 2015). Imidacloprid acts on po
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