Contamination of Soil with Diesel Oil, Application of Sewage Sludge and Content of Macroelements in Oats
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Contamination of Soil with Diesel Oil, Application of Sewage Sludge and Content of Macroelements in Oats Mirosław Wyszkowski & Jadwiga Wyszkowska Agata Borowik & Natalia Kordala
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Received: 13 July 2020 / Accepted: 26 October 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the effect of soil contamination with diesel oil (0, 5, 10 and 15 mL/kg d.m. of soil) on the macroelement content (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium) in the above-ground parts of oats (Avena sativa L.). A remediation effect of sludge as a substance which reduces the negative impact of this petroleum product on its element content in oats was also evaluated. Sewage sludge was applied in doses 0, 4, 8 and 12 g/kg of soil. The macroelement content in the above-ground parts of oats depended on the soil contamination with diesel oil and on the addition of sewage sludge to the soil. Soil contamination with diesel oil caused significant changes in the content of all macroelements in the above-ground biomass of oats. Increasing doses of the petroleum product in the series without sewage sludge decreased the content of all macroelements, except phosphorus and calcium. The highest effect was observed for the content of sodium in oats. The addition of sewage sludge to the soil alleviated the negative impact of diesel oil on the chemical composition of the plants. The application of sewage sludge to soil resulted in an increase in average content of nitrogen, sodium and magnesium (as opposed to M. Wyszkowski (*) : N. Kordala Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 4, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland e-mail: [email protected] J. Wyszkowska : A. Borowik Department of Microbiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland
phosphorus and partly calcium) in the above-ground parts of oats, compared to the series without sewage sludge. Keywords Diesel oil . Sewage sludge . Macroelement content . Avena sativa L.
1 Introduction Soil is the basic environment for plant production. Soil also performs various filtering and buffering functions, retaining organic and inorganic residues and limiting the migration of toxic substances to other elements of the biosphere (Sousa et al. 2008). Due to the widespread occurrence and use of crude oil, a particularly serious ecological problem is soil pollution by its derivatives. Petrochemical products get into soils mainly near industrial facilities and in areas where crude oil and natural gas are extracted, processed and stored (Adam et al. 2002; Clark 2003). Components of diesel oil infiltrate the soil and destroy its structure, disrupting oxygen conditions and the ability to retain water (Hussain et al. 2019). In addition, they negatively affect on the physicochemical and biochemical properties of soil, as well as decrease the production capacity (Ziółkowska and Wyszkowski 2010). There are changes in the content of macro- and microelements, usually increasing the bioaccumula
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