Does Rumination Mediate the Effect of Depressive Symptoms on Cigarette Dependence and Craving in Seeking Treatment Smoke
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Does Rumination Mediate the Effect of Depressive Symptoms on Cigarette Dependence and Craving in Seeking Treatment Smokers? Carmela Martínez-Vispo 1
& Carmen Senra
2
& Ana López-Durán
1,2
& Elena Fernández del Río
3
& Elisardo Becoña
1,2
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Despite the advances in understanding the relationship between smoking and depressive symptomatology, scarce research has investigated cognitive variables underlying in such relation. The main aim of this study is to examine the mediating effect of two rumination subtypes (brooding and reflection) in the link between depressive symptoms and both cigarette dependence level and tobacco craving in treatment-seeking smokers. Participants were 275 adult daily smokers seeking treatment to quit smoking (61.5% females; Mage = 45.3 years; SD = 10.9). Multiple mediation analysis was conducted to explore the mediating effects of rumination (brooding and reflection) in the relation between depressive symptoms, cigarette dependence level, and craving. Results showed a significant indirect effect of depressive symptoms through the joint of both rumination subtypes on cigarette dependence (β = 0.089; 95% BootCI [0.006, 0.168]), and craving (β = 0.123; 95% BootCI [0.048, 0.205]). The specific analysis of each mediator showed that only brooding subtype had a significant effect on the relation between depressive symptoms and tobacco craving (β = 0.101; 95% BootCI [0.023, 0.186]). Findings of the present study provide further evidence for the role of rumination in smoking-related variables and for the potential value of introducing rumination-focused interventions into smoking-cessation interventions. Keywords Depressive symptoms . Rumination . Cigarette dependence . Tobacco craving
Introduction The relationship between smoking and depression has been widely demonstrated both cross-sectionally (Lineberry, Allen, Nash, & Galardy, 2009; Weinberger et al., 2016) and longitudinally (Bakhshaie, Zvolensky, & Goodwin, 2015; Tjora et al., 2014). Several authors have informed that a high percentage of smokers suffer from depressive symptoms compared with individuals who have never smoked and those * Carmela Martínez-Vispo [email protected] 1
Smoking Cessation and Addictive Disorders Unit, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
2
Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
3
Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
who had quit smoking (Flensborg-Madsen et al., 2011; Hitsman et al., 2013). It is also known that smokers with depressive symptoms report higher rates of cigarette dependence, higher tobacco cravings, and greater difficulty to quit smoking (Cooper, Borland, Yong, & Fotuhi, 2016; Covey, Glassman, & Stetner, 1990; Weinberger, Pilver, D
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