Effect of Anaerobiasis or Hypoxia on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Inhibition of Aspergillus fumigatus Biofilm
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Effect of Anaerobiasis or Hypoxia on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Inhibition of Aspergillus fumigatus Biofilm Rajesh Anand1,2,3 · Karl V. Clemons1,2 · David A. Stevens1,2
Received: 20 November 2016 / Revised: 26 February 2017 / Accepted: 8 March 2017 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017
Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) and Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) are the major bacterial and fungal pathogens in the airways of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. This is likely related to their ability to form biofilms. Both microbes have been associated with CF disease progression. The interplay between these two pathogens has been studied under aerobic conditions, though accumulating data indicates that much of the CF airway is hypoxic or anaerobic. We studied the microbial interaction in these latter environments. Pa is an aggressor against Af forming biofilm or as established Af biofilm, whether Pa is cultivated in aerobic, hypoxic, or anaerobic conditions, or tested in aerobic or hypoxic conditions. Pa cells are generally more effective than planktonic or biofilm culture filtrates. Pa growth is less in anaerobic conditions, and filtrates less effective after anaerobic or hypoxic growth, or against hypoxic Af. These, and other comparisons shown, indicate that Pa would be less effective in such environments, as would be the case in a CF mucus Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. * David A. Stevens [email protected] Rajesh Anand [email protected] Karl V. Clemons [email protected] 1
California Institute for Medical Research, 2260 Clove Dr., San Jose, CA 95128, USA
2
Division of Infectious Disease and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
3
Present Address: Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), C.G., Bilaspur 495009, India
plug. These observations would explain why Pa becomes established in CF airways before Af, and why Af may persist during disease progression. Keywords Cystic fibrosis · Aspergillus · Pseudomonas · Intermicrobial inhibition · Anaerobiasis · Hypoxia Abbreviations Af Aspergillus fumigatus An Anaerobic Pa growth from nitrate-TSA plates AT Aerobic Pa growth from TSA plate ATn Aerobic Pa growth from TSA plate with nitrate BCF Pa biofilm culture filtrate CF Cystic fibrosis FB Af biofilm formation LC Live Pa cells n Number OD Optical density Pa Pseudomonas aeruginosa PB Preformed Af biofilm PCF Planktonic Pa culture filtrate PQS Pa quinolone signal TSA Trypticase Soy Agar XTT 2,3-bis[2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide inner salt
Introduction Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) and Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) are the most prominent bacterial and fungal pathogens, respectively, in the airways of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients (Baxter et al. 2013; Coughlan et al. 2012; Folkesson et al. 2012; Forsyth et al. 1988; Høiby et al. 2010; Mirković et al. 2016; Nicolai et al. 1990; Sabino et al.
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