Film Distribution in the Digital Age Pirates and Professionals
Film Distribution in the Digital Age critically examines the evolution of the landscape of film distribution in recent years. In doing so, it argues that the interlocking ecosystem(s) of media dissemination must be considered holistically and culturally i
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Film Distribution in the Digital Age Pirates and Professionals Virginia Crisp Coventry University, UK
© Virginia Crisp 2015 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-56078-3 ISBN 978-1-137-40661-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-137-40661-3 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
This book is dedicated to Anna, John and Thea
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Contents
List of Figures and Tables
viii
Acknowledgements
ix
Introduction
1
1 Formal Film Distribution
16
2 ‘Independent’ Distributors
33
3 Disruptive Innovators
56
4 Informal Distribution: Discs and Downloads
76
5 A Brief History of Film ‘Filesharing’: From Napster to Mega
100
6 Informal Distribution Networks: Fan ‘Filesharing’ and Imagined Communities
111
7 Intersections: Pirates Meet Professionals
154
Conclusion: Ecologies of Distribution and Shifting Gatekeepers
180
Notes
186
Bibliography
191
Index
204
vii
Figures and Tables Figures 6.1 Member categorisation by total forum posts (excluding lurkers) as a proportion of total forum membership (CP forum) 6.2 The online distribution cycle
124 139
Tables 3.1 UK VoD business models 6.1 Member categorisation by total forum posts (CP forum) 6.2 Member categorisation by total forum posts (excluding lurkers) (CP forum)
viii
63 123 124
Acknowledgements There are many individuals that I would like to thank for their ongoing support and encou
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