Intervention of Fungi in Nano-Particle Technology and Applications
Biosynthesis of nanomaterial is of particular attention for material scientists due to its environmentally benign perspective and durability in a natural medium. Nanoparticles synthesized by using the whole cell, either inside the biological entity (intra
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Intervention of Fungi in Nano-Particle Technology and Applications Ramesh Raliya, Vinod Saharan, Ramprakash Saran, Kailash Choudhary, Jagadish C. Tarafdar, and Pratim Biswas Abstract Biosynthesis of nanomaterial is of particular attention for material scientists due to its environmentally benign perspective and durability in a natural medium. Nanoparticles synthesized by using the whole cell, either inside the biological entity (intracellular) or extract/lysate/peptide-template (extracellular) believed to have a wide range of biological application. The chapter focuses primarily on the mechanistic investigation of metal and metal oxide nanoparticle synthesis and their potential applications in the agricultural and biomedical sector. So far fungus is explored more for silver nanoparticle synthesis among all other nanoparticles and their use as an antimicrobial agent either bare nanoparticles or as a synergetic agent with existing counterparts. In addition, fungus-nanotechnology explored for the synthesis of agriculturally important nutrient for native phosphorus mobilization and enhancement in photosynthetic activity.
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Introduction
Fungi, belongs to the group of eukaryotic organism, have been extensively used to produce industrial chemical and enzymes for various purposes, notably from food to medicine (Carlile et al. 2001; Prasad et al. 2015). With the advent of modern nanotechnology, researchers have practiced harnessing fungal strains to provide an R. Raliya (*) • P. Biswas Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA e-mail: [email protected] V. Saharan Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313001, India R. Saran J. N. Vyas University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005, India K. Choudhary Lachoo Memorial College of Science and Technology, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342001, India J.C. Tarafdar Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342001, India © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 R. Prasad (ed.), Advances and Applications Through Fungal Nanobiotechnology, Fungal Biology, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-42990-8_11
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alternative greener approach of nanoparticle production. A nanoparticle or nanostructure is an intentionally created, engineered particle of 1–100 nm at least in one dimension. Due to extremely small size, nanoparticles have high surface area to mass ratio that brings extraordinary physicochemical properties than its bulk counterpart (Suman et al. 2010; Prasad 2014; Aziz et al. 2015). Nanoparticle research is currently an area of intense scientific interest of the community due to a wide variety of potential applications in agriculture, biomedical, energy, environmental, electronic and optical fields (Prasad et al. 2014; NSF 2015). Producing nanomaterial’s sustainably in part means using less harmful chemicals in nanoparticle production (Murphy 2008). One of the ways nanoparticles can be created without using harmful chemicals is by exploiting natural biological processes, and fungus is one of the organisms used in n
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