Isolation and characterization of the citrus canker pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri pathotype A, occurring in im
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Isolation and characterization of the citrus canker pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri pathotype A, occurring in imported tangerine (Citrus reticulata Blanco) fruits Mahsa Izadiyan 1 & Sayed Mohsen Taghavi 1 Received: 2 October 2019 / Accepted: 3 May 2020 # Società Italiana di Patologia Vegetale (S.I.Pa.V.) 2020
Abstract In 2015, some imported tangerine (Citrus reticulata Blanco) fruits with suspected canker lesions were observed in some local markets in Shiraz county of the Fars province in Iran. Symptomatic and asymptomatic tangerine fruits obtained in a survey of local markets were collected and analyzed. Xanthomonas-like bacterial isolates were only recovered from symptomatic tangerine fruits. Eighteen isolates were identified as Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) based on biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using Xcc specific primers. The isolates were evaluated for pathogenicity on four Citrus spp., namely tangerine, sweet orange, lemon and Mexican lime. All isolates induced disease symptoms on the four Citrus spp. and could be re-isolated and identified from inoculated symptomatic plants. The pathogenicity test and a phylogenetic analysis of sequence data showed that Xcc pathotype A is the causal agent of bacterial canker in commercially imported tangerine fruits. Our results indicated that infected citrus fruits could play a relevant role as a dispersal inoculum of citrus canker into new regions such as Iran. To our knowledge, this is the first known introduction with imported fruits of Xcc pathotype A into the Fars province of Iran. Keywords Pathotype A . Cankered fruits . Tangerine . PCR detection
Introduction Citrus canker caused by X. citri subsp. citri is an important worldwide bacterial disease of citrus, causing direct (decreased citrus fruit quality and yield) and indirect (trade barriers) damages to the citrus industry (Gottwald et al. 2007; Graham et al. 2004). Citrus canker has been reported from many citrus-producing countries such as China, Japan, Argentina, Brazil, Mali, Burkina Faso, Tanzania, Iran and Saudi Arabia (Ference et al. 2018). Symptoms of citrus canker on leaves, stems and fruits typically appear as surface raised corky lesions surrounded by oily, water-soaked margins. In severe cases, defoliation, dieback and fruit drop can occur (Brunings and Gabriel 2003). Locally, the bacteria spread via windblown rain and can infect plants through stomata or wounds. It can be introduced to new regions via the movement
* Sayed Mohsen Taghavi [email protected] 1
Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
of plant material (Das 2003; Graham et al. 2004). Furthermore, a previous study suggested that a prewashing treatment with chlorine and a detergent is a useful method for killing bacteria on the surface of apparently healthy fruits (Gottwald et al. 2009). Strains of two Xanthomonas species (X. citri subsp. citri and X. fuscans subsp. aurantifolii strains B and C cause) are responsible for the citrus
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