Lipid chaperones and associated diseases: a group of chaperonopathies defining a new nosological entity with implication
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PERSPECTIVE AND REFLECTION ARTICLE
Lipid chaperones and associated diseases: a group of chaperonopathies defining a new nosological entity with implications for medical research and practice Antonella D’Anneo 1 & Celeste Caruso Bavisotto 2,3 & Antonella Marino Gammazza 2,3 & Letizia Paladino 2,3 & Daniela Carlisi 4 & Francesco Cappello 2,3 & Everly Conway de Macario 3,5 & Alberto J. L. Macario 3,5 & Marianna Lauricella 4 Received: 13 May 2020 / Revised: 16 July 2020 / Accepted: 10 August 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Fatty acid–binding proteins (FABPs) are lipid chaperones assisting in the trafficking of long-chain fatty acids with functions in various cell compartments, including oxidation, signaling, gene-transcription regulation, and storage. The various known FABP isoforms display distinctive tissue distribution, but some are active in more than one tissue. Quantitative and/or qualitative changes of FABPs are associated with pathological conditions. Increased circulating levels of FABPs are biomarkers of disorders such as obesity, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Deregulated expression and malfunction of FABPs can result from genetic alterations or posttranslational modifications and can be pathogenic. We have assembled the disorders with abnormal FABPs as chaperonopathies in a distinct nosological entity. This entity is similar but separate from that encompassing the chaperonopathies pertaining to protein chaperones. In this review, we discuss the role of FABPs in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, cancer, and neurological diseases. We highlight the opportunities for improving diagnosis and treatment that open by encompassing all these pathological conditions within of a coherent nosological group, focusing on abnormal lipid chaperones as biomarkers of disease and etiological-pathogenic factors. Keywords Fatty acid–binding proteins . Lipid chaperones . Lipid chaperone-associate pathologies . Chaperonopathies . Chaperonotherapy
Abbreviations ABCA1 ATP-binding cassette A1
AFABP ATGL
* Francesco Cappello [email protected] * Marianna Lauricella [email protected]
Adipocyte fatty acid–binding protein Adipose triglyceride lipase
Alberto J. L. Macario [email protected] 1
Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
2
Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Institute of Anatomy, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
Antonella Marino Gammazza [email protected]
3
Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
Letizia Paladino [email protected]
4
Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Institute of Biochemistry, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
5
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technol
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