Mastering English Grammar

Mastering English Grammar is a start-at-the-basics, no-nonsense English Grammar book, not only for students of English, but also for those studying modern languages, business people and secretaries - in fact anyone who has forgotten/never known the simple

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ENGLISH GRAMMAR

MACMILLAN MASTER SERIES Banking Basic Management Biology British Politics Business Communication Chemistry COBOL Programming Commerce Computer Programming Computers Data Processing Economics Electronics English Grammar English Language English Literature French German

Hairdressing Italian Keyboarding Marketing Mathematics Modern British History Modern World History Nutrition Office Practice Pascal Programming Physics Principles of Accounts Social Welfare Spanish Statistics Study Skills Typewriting Skills Word Processing

OTHER BOOKS BY S. H. BURTON INCLUDE

Comprehension Practice English Study and Composition Modern Precis Practice A Comprehensive English Course People and Communication Mastering English Language The Criticism of Poetry The Criticism of Prose

MASTERING ENGLISH GRAMMAR S. H. BURTON

M

MACMILLAN

© S. H. Burton 1984

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission First published 1984 by MACMILLAN EDUCATION LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 2XS, and London Companies and representatives throughout the world British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Burton, S. H. Mastering English grammar. 1. English language- Grammar- 1950I. Title 428.2 PE1112 ISBN 978-0-333-36368-3

DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-17519-2

ISBN 978-1-349-17519-2 (eBook)

CONTENTS ix

Preface Acknowledgement

X

1 What is grammar?

1.1 1.2 1.3

Language and communication Making sense Grammar and sense

2 Phrases and sentences

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

Word groups Phrases Sentences Four kinds of sentences The punctuation of written sentences

3 Subject and predicate

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

The two parts of the sentence The functions of the two parts Subject and predicate (1) Subject and predicate (2)

10 11 12 13

4 Words in sentences

4.1 4.2

Words at work Different work for the same word

19

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10

The eight parts of speech Nouns Verbs Pronouns Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections Family groups and word behaviour

6.1

Definition of the simple sentence Subject and predicate The subject and the subject-word

5 An introduction to the parts of speech

6 The parts of the simple sentence

6.2 6.3

1 2 4 4 5 7 8

20 22 23 25 29 30 33 38 41 42 43 44 45 45

CONTENTS 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9

Subject-word and words qualifying subject-word Predicate: the verb and words modifying the verb Predicate: the direct object Predicate: the indirect object Predicate: predicative words (or complement) A tabular list of all the parts of the simple sentence

46 47 48

so 52 54

7 Finite verbs and non-fmite verbs

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5

Finite verbs Non-fmite verbs Participial phrases Gerundive phrases Infinitive phrases

56 58 63 65 66

8 Simple sentence analysis

8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4

Tabular analysis Descriptive analysis Graphic analysis Analysing phrases

68 69 72 76

9 Clauses and sentences

9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8

What is a clause? 82 Main clauses 83 Co-ordinating conjunctions 83 Double se