Optimizing extraction procedures for better removal of potentially toxic elements during EDTA-assisted soil washing
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SOILS, SEC 4 • ECOTOXICOLOGY • RESEARCH ARTICLE
Optimizing extraction procedures for better removal of potentially toxic elements during EDTA-assisted soil washing Tao Sun 1,2 & Jingzi Beiyuan 1 & Gerty Gielen 3 & Xiali Mao 2,4 & Zhaoliang Song 5 & Song Xu 1 & Yong Sik Ok 6 & Jörg Rinklebe 7,8 & Dan Liu 4 & Deyi Hou 9 & Jonathan W. C. Wong 10 & Hailong Wang 1,4 Received: 14 April 2020 / Accepted: 17 May 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-enhanced soil washing is an important technique of removing potentially toxic elements (PTEs) from contaminated soils. Conventional mechanical shaking (CMS) method is widely adopted in soil washing. However, it consumes a considerable amount of time and energy. Extraction methods which need less contact time or power, such as static equilibrium extraction (SEE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), are potential to replace CMS in industrial application. Methods The washing process of the soil from a contaminated site was optimized by investigating various extraction conditions, including EDTA concentration, contact time, and different extraction methods, such as CMS, SEE, and UAE, in this study. Results The results indicated that EDTA greatly enhanced the removal of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) from the soil. The EDTA was more effective in removing Pb and Cu than Cd and Zn, regardless of the extraction method. This might be mainly attributed to the strong complexation capacity of EDTA with Pb and Cu and geochemical distribution of the target PTEs. The three extraction methods were almost equally efficient, while SEE required less energy and UAE needed shortened contact time compared with CMS. Conclusion Based on the above results, SEE and UAE are promising alternatives to CMS for cleaning up PTEs-contaminated soils. Keywords Static equilibrium extraction . Ultrasound-assisted extraction . Soil washing . Heavy metal . Chelant
Tao Sun and Jingzi Beiyuan contribute equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors. Responsible editor: Dong-Mei Zhou * Hailong Wang [email protected] 1
Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
2
College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
6
Korea Biochar Research Center & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
7
University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany
8
Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Guangjin-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
3
Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
4
Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhej
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