Piperine and Its Role in Chronic Diseases
Alkaloids include a family of naturally occurring chemical compounds containing mostly basic nitrogen atoms. Piperine is an alkaloid present in black pepper (Piper nigrum), one of the most widely used spices, in long pepper (Piper longum), and other Piper
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Piperine and Its Role in Chronic Diseases Giuseppe Derosa, Pamela Maffioli and Amirhossein Sahebkar
Abstract Alkaloids include a family of naturally occurring chemical compounds containing mostly basic nitrogen atoms. Piperine is an alkaloid present in black pepper (Piper nigrum), one of the most widely used spices, in long pepper (Piper longum), and other Piper species fruits belonging to the family of Piperaceae. Piperine is responsible for the black pepper distinct biting quality. Piperine has many pharmacological effects and several health benefits, especially against chronic diseases, such as reduction of insulin-resistance, anti-inflammatory effects, and improvement of hepatic steatosis. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the effects of piperine, alone or in combination with other drugs and phytochemicals, in chronic diseases.
G. Derosa (&) P. Maffioli Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, University of Pavia, P.le C. Golgi 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy e-mail: [email protected] G. Derosa P. Maffioli Center for Prevention, Surveillance, Diagnosis and Treatment of Rare Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy G. Derosa Center for the Study of Endocrine-Metabolic Pathophysiology and Clinical Research, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy G. Derosa Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy P. Maffioli PhD School in Experimental Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy A. Sahebkar Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran A. Sahebkar (&) Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 91779-48564, Mashhad, Iran e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 S.C. Gupta et al. (eds.), Anti-inflammatory Nutraceuticals and Chronic Diseases, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 928, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41334-1_8
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Keywords Anti-depressant effects Bioavailability enhancer Insulin-resistance Piperine
8.1
Introduction
Alkaloids include a family of naturally occurring chemical compounds containing mostly basic nitrogen atoms. In addition to carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur, or, rarely, other elements including chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus [1]. Alkaloids also include some related compounds with neutral, or even weakly acidic properties. In the recent decades, some alkaloids have been introduced for use in clinical practice: berberine, for example, has been used for long in oriental medicine to treat gastrointestinal infections and diarrhea, but also for its beneficial effects on cardiovascular system. Lately also piperine, formally known as (2E,4E)-5(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4-pentadien-1-one with the following formula C17H19NO3 (Fig. 8.1), became very used in clinical practice due to its beneficial properties. Piperine is an alkaloid present in black
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