Removal of cesium, lead, nitrate and sodium from wastewater using hydroponic constructed wetland
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Removal of cesium, lead, nitrate and sodium from wastewater using hydroponic constructed wetland R. Moogouei1 · Y. Chen2 Received: 17 August 2019 / Revised: 19 December 2019 / Accepted: 6 January 2020 © Islamic Azad University (IAU) 2020
Abstract Hydroponic constructed wetlands are effective alternative technology for water and wastewater treatment. In the present research, Chenopodium album, Amaranthus cruentus, Phragmites australis and Bambusa vulgaris plants were used in hydroponic constructed wetland for phytoremediation of cesium, lead, nitrate and sodium from synthesized wastewater. During the treatment of wastewater containing CsCl and Pb(C2H3O2)4, 59.57 ± 2.12% cesium and 95.32 ± 1.32% lead were remediated by Amaranthus cruentus at a period of 14 days. Initial concentration of CsCl and Pb(C2H3O2)4 was 0.5 mg L−1. In wastewater containing 5 mg L −1 CsCl and 5 mg L −1 Pb(C2H3O2)4, Cs phytoremediation efficiency was 49.11 ± 3.78%. Simultaneously, 98.40 ± 0.05% Pb was removed in a period of 14 days. In mesocosm constructed wetland vegetated with Phragmites australis and Bambusa vulgaris, 46.28 ± 0.005% nitrate was taken up by Bambusa vulgaris and 35.80 ± 0.01% nitrate was removed by Phragmites australis from wastewater containing 1000 mg L−1 KNO3 and 2000 mg L−1 NaCl in a period of 14 days. In the case of desalination, sodium uptake efficiencies by Phragmites australis and Bambusa vulgaris were 16.73 ± 0.56% and 32.62 ± 2.56%, respectively. In all the experiments, cesium shoot accumulation was more than root, while lead accumulated in roots more than shoots. The results also show that hydroponic constructed wetlands vegetated with terrestrial and aquatic plants are promising technology for wastewater treatment. Keywords Cesium · Hydroponic wetland · Lead · Nitrate · Phytoremediation · Sodium
Introduction Phytoremediation is an emerging technology for removal of different kinds of pollutants. Hydroponic constructed wetland systems are effective to remove nutrients, radionuclides, heavy metals and chemicals from wastewater. In this system, aerial parts of plants grow above the water level while the roots grow within the water, providing a massive and active root system for nutrient uptake (Hubbard 2010; Chatterjee et al. 2011; Headley and Tanner 2012; Pavlineri et al. 2017). Incorporation of radionuclides into the environment Editorial responsibility: M. Abbaspour. * R. Moogouei r_moogoui@iau‑tnb.ac.ir 1
Department of Environmental Planning, Management and, Education, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
2
either due to similar anthropogenic activities or accidental spilling of such materials from reactors has become a significant global concern (Ogura et al. 2014). The accidents of Chernobyl (1986) and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (2011) released a huge amount of 134Cs and 137 Cs into the environment (Gupta et al. 2016). 137Cs and 134 Cs (having l
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