Spatial heterogeneity of ecological footprint of production: a district-level study of Bangladesh
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Spatial heterogeneity of ecological footprint of production: a district‑level study of Bangladesh Ishrar Sameen1 · Tasnim Feroze1 Received: 4 August 2019 / Accepted: 23 September 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract In an era of environmental degradation, resource extraction needs to be restricted in proportion to natural capital’s regenerative capacity to nullify ecological overshoot. An investigation into spatial heterogeneity of ‘Ecological Footprint of Production’ (EFp) helps to examine spatial variation of human demand on nature due to production purposes. This study focuses on spatial variation in environmental impact of resource extraction by estimating EFp values for all 64 districts of Bangladesh. EFp is spatially varied across six land types in the following ranges 0.016–0.502 gha/capita for cropland; 0.016–0.637 gha/capita for grazing land; 0.004–0.194 gha/capita for fishing ground; 0.000–0.187 gha/capita for forest land; 0.00009–0.011 gha/capita for built-up land; and 0.000–1.192 gha/capita for carbon uptake land. Moreover, in this study, regions are delineated based on EFp values of six land types using ArcGIS-based standard deviation classification method. The region having the highest total EFp is located at the central-east part of Bangladesh. Among six types of land uses, cropland, grazing land and carbon uptake land contributed most in total EFp. Multiple linear regression modeling showed that population employed in service sector drives total EFp (gha) in negative direction and district population drives it in positive direction. Spatially segregated policy directions are recommended for restricting EFp to ensure reduced environmental degradation and increased production-based sustainability. Therefore, to promote sustainable sectoral enhancement plans and policies, this investigation facilitates regional policy guidelines based on sectoral magnitude of resource extraction. Keywords Spatial analysis · Production · Environmental pressure · Regionalization · Multiple linear regression (MLR)
1 Introduction Excessive human demand on natural resources results in ecological overshoot and therefore, environmental degradation. This is why sustainable sectoral plans and policies aim to restrict resource extraction in proportion to nature’s regeneration and absorption capacity, * Ishrar Sameen [email protected] 1
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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also known as bio-capacity (Yao et al. 2016). One of the most recognized and effective tools to measure human demand on the biosphere in terms of biologically productive land and water required to provide resources for consumption and absorption of waste is known as ‘Ecological Footprint’ (EF) (WWF 2007). This concept was developed and quantified by William Rees and Mathis Wackernagel around early 1990s and has been promoted as a policy guide and a planning tool to ensure environmental sustainability
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