Rho GTPases Methods and Protocols
Although initially described as major regulators of cytoskeletal remodeling, Rho GTPases have been implicated in the establishment of polarity, endocytosis, vesicle trafficking, morphogenesis, cytokinesis, transcriptional activation, cell cycle progressio
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IN
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY™
Series Editor John M. Walker School of Life Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7651
Rho GTPases Methods and Protocols Edited by
Francisco Rivero Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, The Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
Editor Francisco Rivero Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research The Hull York Medical School, University of Hull Hull, UK [email protected]
ISSN 1064-3745 e-ISSN 1940-6029 ISBN 978-1-61779-441-4 e-ISBN 978-1-61779-442-1 DOI 10.1007/978-1-61779-442-1 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011942754 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Humana Press, c/o Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Humana Press is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface The function of Rho GTPases in reorganizing the actin cytoskeleton was first demonstrated in yeast and mammalian cells in the early 1990s. From that time dates the paradigm of Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 being involved in the formation of stress fibers, lamellipodia, and membrane ruffles, respectively. The identification and characterization of effectors and regulators followed soon, and since then the field has been experiencing steady expansion, to the point that the key cellular processes where Rho GTPases do not participate in some way are becoming less and less. Thus, although initially described as major regulators of cytoskeletal remodeling, a “title” that they still conserve, Rho GTPases have been implicated in the establishment of polarity, endocytosis, vesicle trafficking, morphogenesis, cytokinesis, transcriptional activation, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis, to mention a few. Rho GTPases have acquired medical relevance because of their participation in tumorigenesis and metastasis, in cardiovascular conditions and as targets of infectious agents. With the classical triad of Rho/Rac/Cdc42 having been extensively (though not yet exhaustively) studied, more recently the so-called atypical Rho GTPases, those that follow patterns of regulation that deviate from the classical switching between the GTP-bound and the GDP-bound form, are starting to attract attention. The field of Rho GTPases has broaden
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