Salt adaptation in Acinetobacter baylyi : identification and characterization of a secondary glycine betaine transporter
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Salt adaptation in Acinetobacter baylyi: identiWcation and characterization of a secondary glycine betaine transporter Miriam Sand · Veronique de Berardinis · Ana Mingote · Helena Santos · Stephan Göttig · Volker Müller · Beate AverhoV
Received: 1 February 2011 / Revised: 26 April 2011 / Accepted: 28 April 2011 / Published online: 13 May 2011 © Springer-Verlag 2011
Abstract Members of the genus Acinetobacter are well known for their metabolic versatility that allows them to adapt to diVerent ecological niches. Here, we have addressed how the model strain Acinetobacter baylyi copes with diVerent salinities and low water activities. A. baylyi tolerates up to 900 mM sodium salts and even higher concentrations of potassium chloride. Growth at high salinities was better in complex than in mineral medium and addition of glycine betaine stimulated growth at high salinities in mineral medium. Cells grown at high salinities took up glycine betaine from the medium. Uptake of glycine betaine was energy dependent and dependent on a salinity gradient across the membrane. Inspection of the genome sequence revealed two potential candidates for glycine betaine transport, both encoding potential secondary transporters, one of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) class (ACIAD2280) and one of the betaine/choline/carnitine transporter (BCCT) family (ACIAD3460). The latter is
Communicated by Jan Roelof van der Meer. M. Sand · V. Müller · B. AverhoV (&) Molecular Microbiology and Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany e-mail: [email protected] V. de Berardinis Genoscope, Institut de Génomique (CEA), Evry, France A. Mingote · H. Santos Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal S. Göttig Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
essential for glycine betaine transport in A. baylyi. The broad distribution of ACIAD3460 homologues indicates the essential role of secondary transporters in the adaptation of Acinetobacter species to osmotic stress. Keywords Acinetobacter · Salt adaptation · Glycine betaine transport
Introduction The genus Acinetobacter represents a group of Gram-negative, non-motile, and non-fermentative bacteria that belongs to the family of the Moraxellaceae (Rossau et al. 1991) and currently comprises 21 named and 11 unnamed species (Brisou and Prevot 1954; Dijkshoorn and Nemec 2008). The genus Acinetobacter includes non-pathogens such as the soil inhabiting species A. baylyi (formerly Acinetobacter sp. strain ADP1 or BD413), but also human opportunistic pathogens such as Acinetobacter baumannii, which are reported with increasing frequency as a cause of severe nosocomial infections (Baumann et al. 1968; Vaneechoutte et al. 2006; Dijkshoorn et al. 2007; Peleg et al. 2008; Seifert and WisplinghoV 2008; Vaneechoutte and De Baere 2008; Kohlenberg et al. 2009; Higgins et al. 201
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