Synthesis and Characterization of Empty Silicon Clathrates for Anode Applications in Li-ion Batteries
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Synthesis and Characterization of Empty Silicon Clathrates for Anode Applications in Li-ion Batteries Kwai S. Chan, Michael A. Miller, Carol Ellis-Terrell and Candace K. Chan MRS Advances / FirstView Article / July 2016, pp 1 - 6 DOI: 10.1557/adv.2016.434, Published online: 09 June 2016
Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S2059852116004345 How to cite this article: Kwai S. Chan, Michael A. Miller, Carol Ellis-Terrell and Candace K. Chan Synthesis and Characterization of Empty Silicon Clathrates for Anode Applications in Li-ion Batteries. MRS Advances, Available on CJO 2016 doi:10.1557/adv.2016.434 Request Permissions : Click here
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MRS Advances © 2016 Materials Research Society DOI: 10.1557/adv.2016.434
Synthesis and Characterization of Empty Silicon Clathrates for Anode Applications in Li-ion Batteries Kwai S. Chan1, Michael A. Miller1, Carol Ellis-Terrell1, and Candace K. Chan2 1
Southwest Research Institute®, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, TX 78238-5166, U.S.A.
2
Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler Mall, ECG 301, Tempe, AZ 85287-8706, U.S.A.
ABSTRACT Several processing methods were developed and evaluated for synthesizing empty silicon clathrates. A solution synthesis method based on the Hofmann-elimination oxidation reaction was successfully utilized to produce 20 mg of empty Si46. Half-cells using the Si46 electrodes were successfully cycled for 1000 cycles at rate of 5.3C. The capacity of the Si46 electrode in long-term tests was 675 mAh/g at the 4th cycle, but increased to 809 mAh/g at 50 cycles. The corresponding Coulombic efficiency was better than 99%. The capacity dropped from 809 to 553 mAh/g after 1000 cycles while maintaining a 99% Coulombic efficiency. In comparison, a Ba8Al8Si38 electrode could be cycled for about 200 cycles with a lower capacity and Coulombic efficiency. Potential applications of empty silicon clathrates as anode materials in Li-ion batteries are discussed. INTRODUCTION Low-cost advanced anode materials with high-energy density, high-power density, and longer cycle life are needed for plug-in hybrid (PHEV) and electric vehicle (EV) applications. In an effort to address these needs, we explored the viability of silicon clathrates (Type I) as an anode material for potential applications in lithium (Li)-ion batteries for PHEV and EV. This project, funded by Department of Energy (DOE), focused on the development of scalable synthesis, complete characterization of electrochemical performance, and the design and fabrication of prototype anodes for evaluation. Silicon clathrate, an allotrope of silicon, is composed of sp3 bonded silicon atoms arranged in cage-structures. It consists of crystalline Si with a regular arrangement of 20- and 24-atom cages fused together through five atom pentagonal rings (Type I clathrate). It has a simple cubic
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