The role of dietary protein in obesity
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The role of dietary protein in obesity Faidon Magkos 1
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Protein-rich diets are surging in popularity for weight loss. An increase in diet-induced thermogenesis, better preservation of fat-free mass, and enhanced satiety with greater dietary protein intakes may lead to increased energy expenditure and decreased energy intake; and thus promote a more negative energy balance that facilitates weight loss. Results from large randomized trials and meta-analyses of many smaller trials indicate that high-protein diets typically induce significantly greater amounts of weight loss than conventional lowfat or high-carbohydrate diets during the early, rapid weight loss phase (3–6 months), but differences between diets are attenuated and no longer significant during the late, slow weight loss phase (12–24 months). Gradually decreasing adherence may be responsible for this observation; in fact, dietary adherence, rather than macronutrient composition, is likely the major predictor of long-term weight loss success. Recently, some randomized trials evaluated the efficacy of high-protein (vs. normal-protein) diets consumed ad libitum during weight loss maintenance, i.e. after clinically significant weight loss. Weight regain may be smaller with high-protein diets in the shortterm (3–12 months), but longer studies are needed to confirm this. Given the lack of conclusive evidence in favor of high-protein diets, or any other dietary pattern, it is reasonable to conclude that no individual nutrient is a friend or a foe when it comes to weight loss and its maintenance. Therefore, any diet that best suits one’s dietary habits and food preferences is likely to be better adhered to, and thus lead to more successful long-term weight loss. Keywords Excess weight . Weight loss . Weight maintenance . Macronutrient composition . Energy restriction . Low-carbohydrate
Abbreviations BMI body mass index GI glycemic index
1 Introduction Over the past 40 years, the average body mass index (BMI) of all people on the planet has risen from below 22 kg/m2 in 1975 to over 24 kg/m2 in 2014 [1], reflecting a weight gain of about 6–7 kg. Accordingly, during the same period of time, the prevalence of overweight increased from 26.5% to 39.0%, and the prevalence of obesity increased from 7.0% to 12.5%, so that in 2015, a total of 1.9 billion adults were estimated to have excess body weight (i.e. being overweight or obese), representing ~ 39% of the world’s population [2]. * Faidon Magkos [email protected] 1
Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports / Obesity Research, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
Both an increase in energy intake [3] and a decrease in energy expenditure – owing to less time devoted to physical activity [4] and more time spent on sedentary activities [5] – have been proposed to be primarily responsible for this phenomenon by promoting a shift toward positive energy balance. Obesity is a multifactorial
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