Artificial Riboswitches Methods and Protocols

Artificial riboswitches and other ligand-responsive gene regulators make it possible to switch protein synthesis ON or OFF with arbitrary ligand molecules. Artificial Riboswitches: Methods and Protocols focuses on the state-of-the-art methods developed in

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Atsushi Ogawa Editor

Artificial Riboswitches Methods and Protocols

METHODS

IN

M O L E C U L A R B I O LO G Y

Series Editor John M. Walker School of Life Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7651

Artificial Riboswitches Methods and Protocols

Edited by

Atsushi Ogawa Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan

Editor Atsushi Ogawa Ehime University Matsuyama Ehime, Japan

ISSN 1064-3745 ISSN 1940-6029 (electronic) ISBN 978-1-62703-754-9 ISBN 978-1-62703-755-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-62703-755-6 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013958315 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Humana Press is a brand of Springer Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface Ribonucleic acids or RNAs are versatile. mRNAs serve as mediators of hereditary information from DNAs to proteins, tRNAs carry amino acids into the ribosome on mRNA, and rRNAs in the ribosome promote peptide bond formation between the amino acids. In addition, many diverse noncoding RNAs directly regulate gene expression in cis and/or trans. There are also many other types of RNAs known in nature, including RNA enzymes (ribozymes). It is considered