Biodegradation of organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos by Sphingobacterium sp. C1B, a psychrotolerant bacterium isola
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Biodegradation of organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos by Sphingobacterium sp. C1B, a psychrotolerant bacterium isolated from apple orchard in Himachal Pradesh of India Shalini Verma1 · Dharam Singh2 · Subhankar Chatterjee1 Received: 18 June 2020 / Accepted: 14 September 2020 © Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A psychrotolerant Sphingobacterium sp. was isolated from the apple orchard situated in the Kufri region of Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India using an enrichment culture technique having chlorpyrifos (CP) as the sole source of carbon and energy. Based on biochemical characterization and 16S rRNA analysis, the strain was identified as Sphingobacterium sp. C1B. The bacterium C1B was able to degrade chlorpyrifos ≥ 42 ppm and ≥ 36 ppm within 14 days at 20 °C and 15 °C, respectively. The strain was also able to degrade chlorpyrifos ≤ 35 ppm at 28 °C within 14 days. The enzyme organophosphorus hydrolase might be responsible for the initial degradation of CP by the strain C1B. Based on the HPLC and GCMS analysis, a probable degradation pathway has been proposed, which followed the path from chlorpyrifos to 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol to benzene, 1,3-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl) and then entered into the TCA cycle. Our current study revealed that the bacterium C1B was found to be a useful strain for the degradation of pesticide chlorpyrifos in the cold climatic environment. Keywords Chlorpyrifos · Sphingobacterium strain C1B · Biodegradation · Benzene, 1, 3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) · Organophosphorus hydrolase
Introduction Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) are a highly toxic class of pesticide being used for various pest and insect control practices world-wide (Deng et al. 2015). In India, OPPs are among the 60% insecticides which used for farming purposes (Kodandaram et al. 2013). Chlorpyrifos [O, O-diethyl Communicated by I. Cann. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-020-01203-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Subhankar Chatterjee [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Bioremediation and Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Temporary Academic Block-Shahpur, District‑Kangra, Himachal Pradesh 176206, India
Molecular and Microbial Genetics Lab, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, District‑Kangra, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India
2
O-(3,5,6-tri chloro–2n pyridylphosphorothioate) (Fig. 1), a crystalline organophosphate insecticide is the second most detected OPP in food and water because of its prevalent usage in agriculture. Due to the widespread use, Chlorpyrifos (CP) and its residues have been detected in soil, surface water, and groundwater (Hossain et al. 2015). Pesticide accumulation in these environmental parts results in indirect entry of CP into the human food chain, and thus causing alarming health effects. Himachal Pradesh,
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