Distribution and incidence of root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.) on pepper in Sinaloa, Mexico
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Distribution and incidence of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) on pepper in Sinaloa, Mexico José Armando Carrillo-Fasio 1 & Azareel Angúlo-Castro 2 & José Ángel Martínez-Gallardo 2 & Felipe Ayala-Tafoya 2 & Moisés Gilberto Yáñez-Juárez 2 & Jesús Enrique Retes-Manjarrez 2,3 Received: 23 April 2020 / Accepted: 1 October 2020 # Sociedade Brasileira de Fitopatologia 2020
Abstract Root-knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne spp.) are a major constraint of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) crops worldwide. In Mexico, Sinaloa State is one of the main producers of pepper; however, there is little information available on the distribution, prevalence, and incidence of RKN on this crop. Identification of RKN species and estimation of the epidemiological factors are important to design its management strategies. A total of 190 RKN samples from Los Mochis, Culiacan, La Cruz, and Escuinapa areas of Sinaloa were collected from pepper plants at production stage under greenhouse conditions, to analyze the distribution, prevalence, and incidence of RKN. Primary identification of RKN species was based on perineal pattern morphology and confirmed by molecular SCAR marker–based identification. RKNs were found in all the surveyed greenhouses of pepper, confirming their absolute distribution and prevalence in this crop. Meloidogyne enterolobii, Meloidogyne incognita, and Meloidogyne javanica were identified in the four areas. Overall incidence of M. enterolobii, M. incognita, M. javanica, and mix of M. enterolobii + M. incognita was 63.7, 11.7, 12.8, and 11.7%, respectively, indicating that RKNs are a serious threat for pepper and other crops in Sinaloa State. This information will enable pepper growers to design and implement an appropriate control for RKN species. Keywords Capsicum annuum . Incidence . Meloidogyne enterolobii . Meloidogyne incognita . M. javanica . Prevalence
Introduction Mexico is one of the main producers of peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) worldwide, with 176,517 ha cultivated in 2018, representing about 65.4% of the total area cultivated in the Americas (FAO 2019). The state of Sinaloa is one of the main producers of peppers in Mexico, where production reached 14,084 ha in 2018 (SAGARPA 2018). Therefore, any limitation in productivity of these crops is of concern to growers. Meloidogyne is the most important genus of plant-parasitic nematodes that affect vegetable crops worldwide (Cid del
* Jesús Enrique Retes-Manjarrez [email protected] 1
Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, 80110 Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
2
Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, 80000 Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
3
Wholesum, 84134 Imuris, Sonora, Mexico
Prado Vera et al. 2001; Singh et al. 2015). More than 100 nominal Meloidogyne species are described (Wesemael et al. 2011). Meloidogyne arenaria, Meloidogyne hapla, Meloidogyne incognita, and Meloidogyne javanica are major or principal RKN species targeting majority of crops (Taylor et al. 1982) and vegetables (Tariq-Khan et al. 2020). Since the
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