Genomic and phylogenetic characterization of ChPV2, a novel goat PV closely related to the Xi-PV1 species infecting bovi
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RESEARCH
Genomic and phylogenetic characterization of ChPV2, a novel goat PV closely related to the Xi‑PV1 species infecting bovines Anouk Willemsen2,6, Alexander van den Boom1, Julienne Dietz1, Seval Bilge Dagalp3, Firat Dogan4, Ignacio G. Bravo2,5, Anja Ehrhardt1 and Eric Ehrke‑Schulz1*
Abstract Background: Papillomaviruses (PVs) infecting artiodactyls are very diverse, and only second in number to PVs infect‑ ing primates. PVs associated to lesions in economically important ruminant species have been isolated from cattle and sheep. Methods: Potential PV DNA from teat lesions of a Damascus goat was isolated, cloned and sequenced. The PV genome was analyzed using bioinformatics approaches to detect open reading frames and to predict potential fea‑ tures of encoded proteins as well as putative regulatory elements. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analyses using the concatenated E1E2L2L1 nucleotide and amino acid alignments was used to reveal the relationship of the new PV to the known PV diversity and its closest relevants. Results: We isolated and characterized the full-genome of novel Capra hircus papillomavirus. We identified the E6, E7, E1, E2, L2, L1 open reading frames with protein coding potential and putative active elements in the ChPV2 proteins and putative regulatory genome elements. Sequence similarities of L1 and phylogenetic analyses using concatenated E1E2L2L1 nucleotide and amino acid alignments suggest the classification as a new PV type designated ChPV2 with a phylogenetic position within the XiPV genus, basal to the XiPV1 species. ChPV2 is not closely related to ChPV1, the other known goat PV isolated from healthy skin, although both of them belong confidently into a clade composed of PVs infecting cervids and bovids. Interestingly, ChPV2 contains an E6 open reading frame whereas all closely related PVs do not Conclusion: ChPV2 is a novel goat PV closely related to the Xi-PV1 species infecting bovines. Phylogenetic relation‑ ships and genome architecture of ChPV2 and closely related PV types suggest at least two independent E6 losses within the XiPV clade. Keywords: Novel goat papillomavirus, ChPV2, Genome characterization, Phylogenetic analysis
*Correspondence: eric.ehrke‑schulz@uni‑wh.de 1 Chair for Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department for Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Strasse 10, 58453 Witten, Germany Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
Background Papillomaviruses (PVs) are small epitheliotropic viruses infecting mammals, reptiles, birds and fish. They are found in healthy skin and mucosa [1], benign proliferative epithelial lesions, and malignant cancers [2–4]. PVs virions are comprised of a naked capsid containing a circular, double-stranded DNA genome of approximately 8 kb organized into an upstream regulatory region
© The Author(s) 2020. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Lice
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