Green Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Vallarai Chooranam and Their Potential Biomedical Applications
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Green Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Vallarai Chooranam and Their Potential Biomedical Applications Sivaji Sathiyaraj1 · Gunasekaran Suriyakala1 · Arumugam Dhanesh Gandhi1 · Sivakumar Saranya1 · Murali Santhoshkumar2 · Purushothaman Kavitha3 · Ranganathan Babujanarthanam1,2 Received: 1 April 2020 / Accepted: 20 July 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The synthesis of silver nanoparticles was done using vallarai chooranam as a bio reducing agent and ascertained by UV– Visible spectrum at 432 nm. Fourier transform infra-red spectrum revealed that the proteins and other ligands were liable for the capping of synthesized silver nanoparticles (VC-AgNPs). Crystalline nature, spherical shapes particles with the size between 40 to 50 nm and elemental composition were found using X-ray Diffraction, Transmission Electron Microscopy and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. By using Dynamic Light Scattering analysis, the average size of silver nanoparticles was found to be 43.1 nm and the zeta potential value was − 47.5 mV implying the stability of VC-AgNPs. The antibacterial activity of VC-AgNPs showed the maximum and minimum zone of inhibition towards E. coli (23 ± 0.69 mm) and Bacillus subtilis (12.67 ± 0.38 mm). The in vitro antioxidant study revealed the free radical scavenging activity of VC-AgNPs by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and Nitric oxide at the inhibitory concentration ( IC50) of 23.11 ± 2.05 µg/mL and 36.52 ± 2.37 µg/mL respectively. The anthelmintic efficacy of VC-AgNPs against Pheretima posthumus mortality was found to be 87% at 5 µg/cm2. VC-AgNPs showed significant larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus with a lethal dose of 0.788 ppm and also VC-AgNPs significantly inhibited the production of acetylcholinesterase with the IC50 value of 0.875 ppm. VC-AgNPs displayed remarkable cytotoxicity against the lung cancer cell line A549 in a dose dependent way with the IC50 value of 125 µg/mL. We demonstrated that VC-AgNPs can be further exploited as a potential candidate for antibacterial, antioxidant, anthelmintic, larvicidal, anti-acetylcholinesterase and anticancer activity. Graphic Abstract
Keywords Vallarai chooranam · Silver nanoparticles · Pheretima posthumus · Culex quinquefasciatus · A549 Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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1 Introduction Despite promising achievements in pharmaceutical biotechnology and development of new drugs for cancer, bacterial and other infectious diseases are still the main causes of mortality and morbidity in the world after cardiovascular diseases [1]. Besides, most of the microorganisms are intrinsically capable of evading therapeutic agents due to their rapid evolutionary genetic mechanisms of adaptation. On the other hand, many pharmaceutical companies have lost their interest in developing new antibiotic compounds due to their narrow profit margin [2]. Many oxidative diseases are induced by free radicals which is a crucial etiological fact
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