Immunosenescence Methods and Protocols
In this volume, expert researchers detail protocols for evaluating the protean effects of immunosenescence on innate and adaptive immune function, including approaches to the analysis of antigen receptor repertoire. In addition, Immunosen
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Albert C. Shaw Editor
Immunosenecence Methods and Protocols
METHODS
IN
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Series Editor John M. Walker School of Life and Medical Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7651
Immunosenecence Methods and Protocols
Edited by
Albert C. Shaw Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
Editor Albert C. Shaw Section of Infectious Diseases Department of Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
ISSN 1064-3745 ISSN 1940-6029 (electronic) Methods in Molecular Biology ISBN 978-1-4939-2962-7 ISBN 978-1-4939-2963-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2963-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015946748 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Humana Press is a brand of Springer Springer Science+Business Media LLC New York is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface The United Nations estimates that, by 2050, the number of adults over age 60 will rise to over two billion worldwide and will exceed the number of individuals under age 15 for the first time in human history. This aging of the worldwide population has profound social implications and will undoubtedly influence the distribution and delivery of healthcare; notably, older adults are at increased risk for organ-specific dysfunction such as cardiovascular and renal disease, as well as increased rates of neurodegeneration and epithelial malignancies, to name a few examples. Older adults are also at risk for increased morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases and poor responses to vaccinations. In some cases, this increased risk is for specific infectious syndromes, such as sepsis, or reactivation of varicella zoster virus infection or tuberculosis. At the same time, aging of adul
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