PTEN Methods and Protocols

This volume provides detailed descriptions of prevailing and novel techniques used by experts in the study of PTEN function in disease and biology. The book begins with chapters exploring methods to detect expression levels of PTEN in normal and diseased

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Leonardo Salmena Vuk Stambolic Editors

PTEN Methods and Protocols

METHODS

IN

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Series Editor John M. Walker School of Life and Medical Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7651

PTEN Methods and Protocols

Edited by

Leonardo Salmena Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada

Vuk Stambolic University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada

Editors Leonardo Salmena Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Toronto Princess Margaret Cancer Centre Toronto, ON, Canada

Vuk Stambolic University of Toronto Princess Margaret Cancer Centre Toronto, ON, Canada

ISSN 1064-3745 ISSN 1940-6029 (electronic) Methods in Molecular Biology ISBN 978-1-4939-3297-9 ISBN 978-1-4939-3299-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-3299-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015956040 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover image: Phosphorylated Akt (green) in a mouse pten-/- prostate gland.(Belongs to Leonardo Salmena) Printed on acid-free paper Humana Press is a brand of Springer Springer Science+Business Media LLC New York is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface The discovery of PTEN was made possible by the advancement of methodologies that identify the localization of allelic loss to specific chromosomal regions including cytogenetics, haplotype mapping, and linkage analysis. Similarly, the unique functional and biochemical features of the PTEN including dynamic and regulated subcellular localization, and intriguing phosphatase activity and unique catalytic pocket, extensive posttranslational modifications, and conformational heterogeneity resulting from its phosphorylation continue to pose great difficulties for studying PTEN function. J