A new vector map watermarking technique in frequency domain based on LCA-transform
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A new vector map watermarking technique in frequency domain based on LCA-transform Saleh AL-ardhi 1
1
& Vijey Thayananthan & Abdullah Basuhail
1
Received: 1 July 2019 / Revised: 19 June 2020 / Accepted: 21 July 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract
Two-dimensional vector maps are vulnerable to issues related to copyright owner’s protection, which have an impact on the vector-data usage in different applications. Watermarking schemes are required in order to prevent this type of attack rotation, uniform scaling and translation (RST), invariance property, embedding distortion control and a high level of capacity in their concealment of a digital vector map’s information. This process typically involves transforming an original map and embedding the watermark. In this paper, a new approach to copyright protection for vector maps is proposed using a linear cellular automata (LCA) algorithm. The approach taken is as follows: (1) an original map, which is LCA-transformed, is obtained; (2) the watermark bit insertion process is conducted on the coefficient of the transformation result frequency into the LSB pattern; and (3) the inverse LCA transformation of the map is employed to obtain the watermarked map. Subsequent analysis has found that this approach provides desirable levels of fidelity, invisibility, capacity and computational complexity. It is also resistant to geometric and signal-operations attacks and provides multi-frequency domains for digital watermarking. Keywords Copyright protection . Vector map . Robust watermarking . Linear cellular automata transform (LCAT) . Least significant bit (LSB)
* Saleh AL-ardhi [email protected] * Vijey Thayananthan [email protected] * Abdullah Basuhail [email protected]
1
Faculty of Computing and Information Technology (FCIT), King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Multimedia Tools and Applications
1 Introduction Recent decades have witnessed the evolution of geospatial data production from paper map production to digital data formats. This is as a direct result of the impact of advances in computer-based technology in relation to geographic data collection devices. This includes capabilities such as geographic positioning systems, generally known as GPS, and satellites capable of delivering precise and reliable spatial coordinate data. Consequently, the role previously performed by analog data or print has been supplanted by vector maps as a basic data unit in geographic information systems (GIS) [7]. Vector maps are an integral part of geospatial data, and they are ubiquitous across several applications, extending from traffic information to navigation systems. Increasingly popular online, their value means that is has become necessary to protect them using measures such as watermarking which prevents attackers using them without copyright, as well as stopping them from freely being used in situations that could comprise security and both national and international level. This research aims to pro
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