Antibacterial activity of Zn-loaded Cuban zeolite against Helicobacter pylori in comparison to its Na-loaded and unmodif
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Antibacterial activity of Zn-loaded Cuban zeolite against Helicobacter pylori in comparison to its Na-loaded and unmodified counterparts Guido Cerri . Mauro Farina . Antonio Brundu Andrea Salis . Wilfried Dathe
. Elisabetta Gavini
.
Received: 10 April 2020 / Accepted: 10 November 2020 Ó The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Helicobacter pylori can be found in the stomach of about half of the humans, and a large population can be associated with serious diseases. To survive in the stomach H. pylori increases the pH locally by producing ammonia which binds to H? becoming ammonium. This work investigated the effects on the in-vitro growth of H. pylori of a natural cation-exchanger mainly composed (&70%) of clinoptilolite and mordenite. The zeolitized material from Cuba was evaluated in its original form (M), as well as in its Na- (M-Na) and Zn-exchanged (M-Zn) counterparts. In the preliminary agar cup diffusion test, H. pylori revealed susceptibility only to M-Zn, with a direct relationship between concentration and width of inhibition halo. Further experiments Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00781-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. G. Cerri (&) M. Farina A. Brundu Department of Architecture, Design and Urban Planning GeoMaterials Lab, Sassari University, Via Piandanna 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy e-mail: [email protected] E. Gavini A. Salis Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sassari University, Via Muroni 23, 07100 Sassari, Italy W. Dathe Heck Bio-Pharma GmbH, Gerberstraße 15, 73650 Winterbach, Germany
evidenced that bacterium replication increases when ammonium is supplied to the growth medium and decreases when zeolites subtract NH4? via ion exchange. Due to the multi-cationic population of its zeolites M was not effective enough in removing ammonium and, in the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test, allowed bacterial growth even at a concentration of 50 mg/mL. Inhibition was achieved with M-Na because it contained sodium zeolites capable of maximizing NH4? subtraction, although the MIC was high (30 mg/mL). M-Zn evidenced a more effective inhibitory capacity, with a MIC of 4 mg/mL. Zinc has antimicrobial properties and H. pylori growth was affected by Zn2? released from clinoptilolite and mordenite. These zeolites, being more selective towards NH4? than Zn2?, can also subtract ammonium to the bacterium, thus enhancing the efficacy of M-Zn. Keywords Helicobacter pylori Clinoptilolite Mordenite Zinc Ammonium Cation exchange
Introduction The gram-negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori is very well adapted for colonization of the human stomach, can be found in about half of the human population and seems to belong to the normal human
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Environ Geochem Health
microbiota (Cover and Blaser 2009). This microorganism learned in the evolution of mankind to manipulate the host immune system to its own advantage through unique bioche
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