Determination of Multi-Class Mycotoxins in Apples and Tomatoes by Combined Use of QuEChERS Method and Ultra-High-Perform
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Determination of Multi-Class Mycotoxins in Apples and Tomatoes by Combined Use of QuEChERS Method and Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Yan Tang 1 & Lei Mu 2 & Jiaxing Cheng 1 & Zhenxia Du 1 & Youyou Yang 2 Received: 18 December 2019 / Accepted: 5 April 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract QuEChERS combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was developed to analyze multi-class mycotoxins including aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and Alternaria toxins in apples and tomatoes. Using apples and tomatoes as the research models, the method performance had been evaluated, showing great convenience, high sensitivity, and good reliability. The limit of detections was of 0.05–20 μg/L. The average recovery values were from 71.3 to 119.4%. With respect to precision, the repeatability was lower than 14.4%. With the optimum method, risk monitoring of mycotoxins in fresh and stored apples and tomatoes was executed, which indicated the risk of contamination of Alternaria toxins in apples which were preserved over a period of time. Keywords Alternaria toxins . Ochratoxins . Aflatoxins . Mycotoxin contamination . UHPLC–MS/MS
Introduction Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of fungi that could be found in many agricultural products and processed foods (Cho et al. 2019; Romera et al. 2018). Improper storage conditions or ecological and physiological factors are the important factors leading to the prevalence of fungi and the Highlight • A QuEChERS method coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS was developed for multi-class mycotoxin analysis. • The proposed method is robust as well as sensitive for determination of eleven mycotoxins. • The methodology is applicable to routinely monitor the eleven mycotoxins in apples and tomatoes. • AME was detected in tomato samples, and ALT, ALT-I, AOH, and AME were detected in apple samples * Zhenxia Du [email protected] * Youyou Yang [email protected] 1
College of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
2
COFCO Nutrition & Health Research Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition Health and Food Safety, Beijing 102209, China
formation of mycotoxins. Mycotoxins have a high occurrence rate in tropical and subtropical regions because of the humidity and the temperature. Mycotoxins are becoming a global concern because of their high toxicity, high frequency, and widespread contamination (Myresiotis et al. 2015). Fruits and vegetables are highly susceptible to fungi because of their high water content and nutritional value (Myresiotis et al. 2015). Mycotoxins in food cause mutagenic, teratogenic, carcinogenic, and immunosuppressive effects in animals and humans. Previous works show that mycotoxin-contaminating fruits are predominantly Alternaria toxins (Dong et al. 2019). Alternaria toxins (De Berardis et al. 2018; Myresiotis et al. 2015), mainly alternariol (AOH)
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