Functional Genomics Methods and Protocols

Over the last decade Life Science has undergone an accelerated evolution, culminating in the -omics era characterized by the development of a multitude of high throughput methods that are becoming more routinely applied in biochemistry labs. In Functional

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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY™

Series Editor John M. Walker School of Life Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7651

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Functional Genomics Methods and Protocols Second Edition

Edited by

Michael Kaufmann and Claudia Klinger Private Universität, Witten/Herdecke gGmbH, Witten, Germany

Editors Michael Kaufmann, Ph.D. Witten/Herdecke University Faculty of Health School of Medicine Center for Biomedical Education and Research Institute for Medical Biochemistry The Protein Chemistry Group 58448 Witten Stockumer Str. 10 Germany [email protected]

Claudia Klinger, Ph.D. Witten/Herdecke University Faculty of Health School of Medicine Center for Biomedical Education and Research Institute for Medical Biochemistry The Protein Chemistry Group 58448 Witten Stockumer Str. 10 Germany [email protected]

ISSN 1064-3745 e-ISSN 1940-6029 ISBN 978-1-61779-423-0 e-ISBN 978-1-61779-424-7 DOI 10.1007/978-1-61779-424-7 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011940130 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Humana Press, c/o Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Humana Press is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface The Life Sciences are undergoing more than ever an accelerating evolution currently culminating in the -omics era characterized by the development of a multitude of highthroughput methods that are now getting to be routinely applied in the modern biochemistry lab. While the basic principles of classic analytical methods, such as Northern or Western blot analysis, are still dominating, the individual methods have advanced and continuously morphed into sophisticated techniques, such as expression profiling of whole genomes via DNA microarrays or the use of delicate protein chips to specifically detect thousands of macromolecules simultaneously during one single experiment. Those innovative techniques are capable of delivering tremendous amounts of data accompanied by the need of only trace amounts of samples and at a minimum in both personnel and material costs. The progress in almost every aspect of computer hardware technology obeys Moore’s law, i.e., computer performance still grows exponentially at doubling times in the range of months rather than