Mixing amorphous carbon enhanced electrochemical performances of NiCo 2 O 4 nanoparticles as anode materials for sodium-
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Mixing amorphous carbon enhanced electrochemical performances of NiCo2O4 nanoparticles as anode materials for sodium‑ion batteries Hung H. Nguyen1 · Nguyen V. To3,4 · Thu V. Tran2 · Ky V. Nguyen2 · Son T. Luong2 · Nga N. T. Nguyen1 · Chung V. Hoang5 · Hieu S. Nguyen5 · Nghia V. Nguyen6 Received: 11 March 2020 / Accepted: 8 June 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The NiCo2O4 ternary transition metal oxide (NCO) has been received a great interest as anode material for sodium-ion batteries, recently. Here we show that a composite material composed of NCO nanoparticles (NCO-NPs) and amorphous carbon (NCO/C composite) displayed a superior electrochemical performance over the NCO-NPs. The NCO-NPs delivered a capacity of 172 mAh g−1 at the current density of 50 mA g−1, and the capacity was reduced to 29 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles. The NCO/C composite showed a capacity of 213 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1; the capacity was lowered to 119 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. The capacity of the composite at 100 mA g−1, 200 mA g−1 and 300 mA g−1 was ca. 123 mAh g−1, 93 mAh g−1 and 62 mAh g−1, respectively. This improvement is ascribed to the presence of the activated hard carbon of high electronic conductivity. Our work suggests that the combination of amorphous carbon with the NCO-NPs can serve as anodes for sodium-ion batteries. Keywords Nanofabrication · Surface modification and applications · Nanomaterials · Sodium-ion battery · Anode materials · Amorphous carbon
1 Introduction Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as a promising candidate to replace the lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in the large-scale energy storage systems due to the high * Nghia V. Nguyen [email protected] 1
Hung Vuong University, Viet Tri, Phu Tho 290000, Vietnam
2
Department of Chemical Physics, Le Qui Don Technical University, 236 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
3
Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam
4
The Faculty of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam
5
Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
6
Research Center of Advanced Materials and Applications, Institute of Architecture, Construction, Urban, and Technology, Hanoi Architectural University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
abundance and low cost of sodium compared with lithium. A numerous number of cathodes such as P2-type Fe-/Mnbased layered structure [1], sodium (Na) super ionic conductor (NASICON) [2], Na0.44MnO2 tunnel structure [3], metal oxides [4], olivine structure [5], etc. have shown their applicability to both SIBs and LIBs. In the case of anode materials, however, many materials have been served well as anodes for the LIBs but are practically electrochemical inactive for the SIBs. For example, graphite has been used as the anode material in most commercial LIBs, but it cannot be utilized for the SIBs because the Na+ ions are hardly in
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