One-pot synthesis of green-emitting gold nanoclusters as a fluorescent probe for determination of 4-nitrophenol
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ORIGINAL PAPER
One-pot synthesis of green-emitting gold nanoclusters as a fluorescent probe for determination of 4-nitrophenol Yu Li 1,2 & Qiu-Lin Wen 1 & An-Yong Liu 1 & Yunfei Long 3 & Peng Liu 1 & Jian Ling 1
&
Zhong-Tao Ding 1 & Qiu-E Cao 1
Received: 31 July 2019 / Accepted: 17 December 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A hydrothermal method was applied to the synthesis of green-emitting gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) which are shown to be viable fluorescent probes for 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). The Au NCs were prepared by using thiol-β-cyclodextrin as a template. Under 365 nm excitation, their green fluorescence has a peak at 502 nm, with a narrow emission bandwidth of only 30 nm. The fluorescence and composition of the Au NCs were characterized and the mechanism of the nanocluster formation is discussed. Due to host-guest recognition of β-cyclodextrin and 4-NP, fluorescence is quenched. The probe can selectively recognize 4-NP among other nitrophenols. A fluorometric and colorimetric assay was developed for 4-NP that works in the 0.1 to 100 μM concentration range and has a detection limit of 90 nM (at 3σ). Keywords Metal nanoclusters . Thiol-β-cyclodextrin . Host-guest recognition . Fluorometry . Colorimetry
Introduction Fluorescent noble metal nanoclusters are a special type of ultra-small nanoparticles (< 2 nm core diameter) protected by stabilizer agents and exhibiting intense fluorescence. These nanoclusters induce distinctive quantum confinement effects, which result in a discrete electronic structure and molecular-like properties, such as the highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-4090-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Jian Ling [email protected] * Qiu-E Cao [email protected] 1
Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
2
Xi’an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
3
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, China
LUMO) electronic transition, photoluminescence, intrinsic magnetism et al. [1]. The emission wavelength of nanoclusters is found to be strongly dependent on the number of metal atoms in core [2, 3]. Fluorescent noble metal nanoclusters, especially gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) were served as a novel optical sensor for environmental monitoring due to their fluorescence stability, biocompatibility and wide emission spectrum ranges [4]. It has become a promising material due to their fascinating performance, such as being eco-friendly and having high colloidal stability, superior catalytic activity, unusual photophysical properties, and good biocompatibility [
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