Phytoremediation of Copper-Contaminated Water with Pistia stratiotes in Surface and Distilled Water
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Phytoremediation of Copper-Contaminated Water with Pistia stratiotes in Surface and Distilled Water Kuok Ho Daniel Tang & Soo Hooi Awa & Tony Hadibarata
Received: 25 June 2020 / Accepted: 23 November 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Copper contamination of industrial waste streams is increasingly common with copper used in an array of industrial processes. Phytoremediation of copper-contaminated water with Pistia stratiotes presents a cost-effective, efficient and uncomplicated alternative for copper removal from industrial wastewater. This study examines the ability of Pistia stratiotes to remove copper from distilled water representing a highly nutrient-deficient medium and natural surface water containing plant nutrients inherently. Control and experimental sets were set up with growth solutions of distilled water and natural surface water spiked with 5 g/ mL, 10 g/mL, 15 g/mL, 20 g/mL and 25 g/mL copper. The control sets were devoid of Pistia stratiotes while the experimental sets contained Pistia stratiotes. Copper concentration and pH of the solutions were tracked over 10 days. This study revealed the ability of Pistia stratiotes to remove copper in both types of growth solution with contamination level ranging from 5 to 25 mg/L and pointed to its ability to phytoremediate higher level of copper contamination. Pistia stratiotes also raised the pH of the growth solutions. Copper
K. H. D. Tang (*) Environmental Science Program, Division of Science and Technology, BNU-HKBU United International College, 2000 Jintong Road, Tangjiawan, Zhuhai 519087 GD, China e-mail: [email protected] S. H. Awa : T. Hadibarata Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
removal from both types of growth solution demonstrated a predominantly first-order elimination kinetics except for copper concentrations above 15 mg/L in distilled water where the zero-order elimination kinetics predominated. Copper removal efficiency decreased with increasing copper concentrations in both types of growth solution with removal efficiency in natural surface water growth solutions consistently higher. It highlights the ability of Pistia stratiotes to phytoremediate highly nutrient-deficient and natural surface water media. Keywords Copper . Contamination . Kinetics . Phytoremediation . Water lettuce
1 Introduction Industrialisation has been associated with water pollution. Regulated industrial activities with strict effluent monitoring generally have limited impacts on the quality of the receiving waterbodies. However, indiscriminate discharge of industrial effluents has resulted in deterioration of water quality, particularly in developing countries (Ali et al. 2020). Constituents of industrial effluents differ widely depending on the industrial activities involved. The textile industry for instance produces effluents containing primarily dyes while petrochemical industries yield effluents containing an array of petroleum
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