Potentially toxic elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dust of Yazd, a central capital city in Iran:
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Potentially toxic elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dust of Yazd, a central capital city in Iran: contamination level, source identification, and ecological–health risk assessment Mohammad Javad Nematollahi Behnam Keshavarzi
. Sara Dehdaran . Farid Moore .
Received: 20 January 2020 / Accepted: 24 July 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Contamination level, source, and ecological–health risk of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the street dust of Yazd, a central capital city in Iran, were investigated for the first time regarding samples collected from 21 sites. Geochemical indices pointed out an enrichment trend of Sb [ Zn [ Pb [ Cu [ Cd [ As [ Cr [ Ni [ V [ Mn [ Fe [ Co and an ecological risk trend of Cd [ As [ Pb [ Cu [ Zn [ Ni [ Co [ Cr. The ecological risk indices of PAHs reflected high ecological risk for pyrene (Pyr). The statistical approach along with the isomeric ratios of PAHs suggested that the traffic-related sources, such as wearing of tires and brake pads, and the vehicular exhaust emissions were greatly
responsible for the elevated concentrations of Pb, Cu, Sb, and PAHs, while Al, Ni, Co, V, Mn, As, and, to a lesser extent, Fe, Zn, Mo, and Cr were mainly influenced by geogenic sources. The human health risk assessment of PTEs and PAHs reflected that As, Cr, and Pb pose the highest non-carcinogenic risk in adults and children, compared with other PTEs and also PAHs. The carcinogenic health risk of Pb in the children and PAHs in both subpopulations was high for cancer development.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00682-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Introduction
M. J. Nematollahi S. Dehdaran F. Moore (&) B. Keshavarzi Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran e-mail: [email protected] M. J. Nematollahi e-mail: [email protected] S. Dehdaran e-mail: [email protected] B. Keshavarzi e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords Street dust Potentially toxic elements Contamination Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Risk assessment Yazd
Street dust, the solid particles accumulation on surfaces of outdoor ground, is an efficient environmental medium to reflect the pollution level through different contaminants. As a sink and secondary source of contaminants emitted by natural and anthropogenic sources, street dust plays a significant role in carrying ubiquitous chemicals including inorganic and organic materials. Among them, PTEs and PAHs have become a global issue due to their toxicity, wide sources, non-biodegradable nature, easily bioaccumulation, and biomagnification through the food
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Environ Geochem Health
chain (Moore et al. 2015, Gope et al. 2017, 2018, Keshavarzi et al. 2015, 2018, Duan et al. 2018, Bing et al. 2019), thereby posing potential threats to the urb
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