Rheological, mechanical and morphological properties of hybrid hazelnut ( Corylus avellana L. )/walnut ( Juglans regia L
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Rheological, mechanical and morphological properties of hybrid hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.)/walnut (Juglans regia L.) shell flour‑filled acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composite Emel Kuram1 Received: 19 January 2020 / Accepted: 3 August 2020 © Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Effect of natural filler amount and kind on the morphological, rheological and mechanical properties of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) terpolymer was studied in current research. The powdered hazelnut and walnut shells were employed as natural filler with ABS to develop hybrid polymer composites. With single natural filler, it was found that the walnut shell flour was usable for enhancing strengths (tensile, flexural and impact) and modulus (tensile and flexural) in comparison to hazelnut. The highest strengths (tensile, impact and flexural) and flexural modulus were achieved with the amount of 5 wt% hazelnut and 15 wt% walnut shell flour among all hybrid composites. Tensile strain, tensile strength, impact strength, flexural strain and flexural strength of ABS decreased with the mixing of 20 wt% hazelnut and with the mixing of 20 wt% walnut shell flour. The addition of hazelnut shell flour filler alone caused a decrement in melt flow index (MFI) value while the incorporation of walnut shell flour filler alone resulted in an increase in MFI value as compared to pure ABS. It was concluded that hazelnut and/or walnut shell flour-filled polymer composites were usable in applications where lower cost was desirable and some decrements in the mechanical properties were acceptable. Keywords Hybrid composites · Mechanical properties · Injection molding · Particle-reinforced composites · Natural filler
Introduction Inorganic fillers are replaced with natural fillers in polymer composites nowadays owing to the environmental awareness, ecological concern and new regulations. Natural fillers have been extensively used for developing polymeric composites because of their renewability, low cost [1, 2], low density, non-toxicity and less abrasiveness during processing [3]. Natural fiber filled polymer composites are considered as “green composites” [1]. The use of low-value agricultural residue (waste) to develop polymer composites has big economical and environmental advantages [4]. Addition of agricultural wastes into polymer to develop composites is Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-01094-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Emel Kuram [email protected] 1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
feasible solution to be gained additional value to agricultural wastes. This endeavour also results in the reduction the use of more expensive polymers. Walnut (Juglans regia L.) and hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) are valuable nutrient food source and resources for vegetable oil. However, the shells of hazelnut and walnut are regarded as
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