SnO 2 nanoparticles synthesized with Citrus aurantifolia and their performance in photocatalysis
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SnO2 nanoparticles synthesized with Citrus aurantifolia and their performance in photocatalysis P. A. Luque1 · O. Nava1 · C. A. Soto‑Robles2 · H. E. Garrafa‑Galvez1 · M. E. Martínez‑Rosas1 · M. J. Chinchillas‑Chinchillas1 · A. R. Vilchis‑Nestor3 · A. Castro‑Beltrán4 Received: 6 June 2020 / Accepted: 12 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This research presents an alternative tin oxide ( SnO2) nanoparticles synthesis method using different concentrations of Citrus aurantifolia peel extract as reducing agent. We report the chemical identification protocol for polyphenols in the peels via FTIR, the characterization of the SnO2 nanoparticles by FTIR, XRD, HRTEM, and UV–vis. The SnO2 nanoparticles presented the Sn–O–Sn bond at 640 cm−1 and crystal growth with a clearly tetragonal structure. Depending on the amount of extract used, hemispherical nanoparticles of different sizes (5–12 nm) and band gap values ranging from 3.02 to 3.44 eV were obtained. Photocatalytic degradation studies of the synthesized SnO2 were carried out using methylene blue under UV light. The sample with 4% extract of C. aurantifolia showed a degradation rate of about 96% at 120 min. The use of C. aurantifolia as a reducing agent in the synthesis of S nO2 nanoparticles helps the properties and has control over the morphology of the nanoparticles.
1 Introduction One of the main environmental problems is the pollution caused by the large number of dyes used in the textile, paper, pharmaceutical and other industries [1, 2]. That is why a variety of practical strategies have been implemented to develop viable water treatment technologies such as biological methods, photocatalysis, coagulation–flocculation, and membrane processes, among others [3, 4]. Of these strategies, photocatalysis represents an excellent alternative for dye degradation due to its simplicity, low toxicity, and high efficiency [5, 6]. * P. A. Luque [email protected] * A. Castro‑Beltrán [email protected] 1
Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño-Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, C.P. 22860 Ensenada, B.C., Mexico
2
Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT de Los Mochis, C.P. 81259 Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico
3
Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable, UAEM-UNAM, C.P. 50200 Toluca, Mexico, Mexico
4
Facultad de Ingeniería Mochis, UAS, C.P. 81223 Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico
In recent years, metal oxide semiconductors have attracted the attention of the scientific community due to their high photocatalytic capacity under irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light for the degradation of various dyes [7]. Among the most used photocatalysts are ZnO [8], SnO2 [9, 10], TiO2 [11, 12], and CuO [13]. One of the materials that has drawn attention due to its morphology, structure, and optical and electrical properties is tin dioxide (SnO2) [14]; which is presented as a type n semiconductor with a 3.6 eV band gap [15]. On the nanometric scale, SnO2 exhibits extraordinary properties due to it
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