Ultrasensitive Trace Determination of Cadmium Through a Green Synthesized Hybrid PVA-Chitosan Nanocomposite
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Ultrasensitive Trace Determination of Cadmium Through a Green Synthesized Hybrid PVA-Chitosan Nanocomposite Bijoy Sankar Boruah 1 & Rajib Biswas 1
&
Upasana Baishya 1
Received: 19 February 2020 / Accepted: 1 June 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This work describes an ultrasensitive trace determination of cadmium ion in aqueous medium through hybrid nanocomposite. Biodegradable materials such as chitosan and PVA are used to functionalize gold nanoparticles and to form a hybrid nanocomposite. Optical fiber is used to make sensor probe. To reduce toxicity of the gold nanoparticles towards environment, we adopt a green way to synthesize gold nanoparticles. In the optical set up, we have used white LED as light source and optical detector to record output response. From experimental results, we have found that this sensor probe has selectivity towards cadmium. It is found that sensitivity of this probe is ~ 0.028 intensity/ppb. From the linear fit, regression value is found to be ~ 0.99. This sensor probe has offered a limit of detection 800 ppt, which is below the WHO and EPA permissible limit 5 ppb. Keywords Green synthesis . Chitosan . AuNPs . Optical probe . Cadmium
Introduction Water pollution is a potential issue for human health and environment. Intake of polluted water has diverse health effects among human, plants, and other organisms. Heavy metals are one of the most toxic water pollutants. Due to nonbiodegradable nature, heavy metals get accumulated in ecosystem and finally enter in food cycle [1, 2]. Rapid increase in industrialization and agricultural use of pesticides, herbicides, etc., which are potential source of heavy metal ions, has led to immense water pollution ([3–6]). Among the heavy metal ions, cadmium emerges to be a nonbiodegradable, toxic heavy metal ion. Drinking of cadmium polluted water can cause diseases like Itai-Itai [7, 8]. Apart from that, kidney damage and lung emphysema are the primary effects of high doses of cadmium in the body [4]. As per Environmental Protect Agency (EPA) and World Health Organization (WHO), the permissible limit of cadmium in water is 5 ppb. Conventional approaches like atomic absorption spectrometry [9, 10], inductively coupled mass plasma spectrometry [11, 12] atomic fluorescence spectrometry [13, 14] are used to detect cadmium. These methods have good selectivity and sensitivity; * Rajib Biswas [email protected] 1
Department of Physics, Applied Optics and Photonics Research Laboratory, Tezpur University, Napaam, Assam 784028, India
however, expenditure and consumption of time are one of the intriguing factors of these approaches. Additionally, they are bulky and require highly trained person for their maintenance and operation [15, 16]. For detection of cadmium ions in water, colorimetric as well as electrochemical methods are also adoptable. These two techniques could provide good selectivity and sensitivity towards cadmium ions. For colorimetric detection of cadmium ions in aqueous medium, function
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