Regulation of glutathione-dependent antioxidant defense system of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella under the combined
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Regulation of glutathione-dependent antioxidant defense system of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella under the combined stress of mercury and temperature Zhi-Hua Li 1,2 & Ping Li 1 & Yanhua Wu 2 Received: 25 April 2020 / Accepted: 20 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this study, we investigated the combined effects of temperatures fluencies and mercury (Hg) on glutathione-dependent antioxidant system in fish, by measuring the oxidative stress indicator (LPO, lipid peroxidation) and the parameters involved in the glutathione-related antioxidant defense system (GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GR, glutathione reductase; GST, glutathione S-transferase; GSH, reduced glutathione), as well as the expression of related genes in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella. Fish (45.37 ± 3.58 g) were exposed to 10 test groups, e.g., 15 °C with/without Hg, 20 °C with/without Hg, 25 °C with/without Hg, 30 °C with/without Hg, 35 °C with/without Hg for 4 weeks. Three-way ANOVA was used to analyze the correlation between the measured parameters and experimental conditions (water temperature, Hg exposure, exposure time, and their interactions.). Our results show that there is no interaction between mercury and low temperature, but the combined effect at high temperature has been confirmed, which indicated the glutathione-dependent enzyme system in grass carp has a complex regulatory mechanism with temperature fluctuations. In the actual field monitoring, it is necessary to consider the impact of extreme temperature on the toxicity of pollutants in the aquatic ecosystem. Keywords Thermal stress . Metal . Fish . Physiological adaption . Glutathione
Introduction Aquatic organisms, especially fish due to the limitation of their habitat, are faced with a series of environmental stressors caused by various physical and chemical factors, including organic pollutants and heavy metals, as well as temperature and pH value (Sokolova and Lannig 2008; Li et al. 2011a; Balbus et al. 2013). Because these biochemical-
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Zhi-Hua Li [email protected] * Ping Li [email protected] 1
Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, Shandong, China
2
Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
physiological indexes of fish are sensitive to environmental change, they are often used as indicators to monitor environmental pollution. So far, a lot of studies have focused on the impact of a single factor on fish. However, fish are often affected by a variety of different factors; thus, the combined effects of two or more factors on fish can better reflect the actual environmental health status (Simcic et al. 2015; Carvalho and Fernandes 2019). Among many environmental pollutants, mercury is considered to be one of the most toxic pollutants, where it is emitted into the environment from natural source (volcanoes, weathering of rocks and soils) and anthropogenic activities (mining, burning c
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