Retinoids Methods and Protocols
New and exciting biological functions are still being discovered for vitamin A derivatives, including the vast number of physiological activities of retinoids. In Retinoids: Methods and Protocols, expert researchers in the field present the most recent te
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MO L E C U L A R BI O L O G Y
Series Editor John M. Walker School of Life Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
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Retinoids Methods and Protocols
Edited by
Hui Sun Department of Physiology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, and Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Gabriel H. Travis Departments of Ophthalmology and Biological Chemistry, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Editors Hui Sun Department of Physiology Jules Stein Eye Institute and Brain Research Institute David Geffen School of Medicine 650 Charles Young Drive South University of California Los Angeles CA 90095, USA [email protected]
Gabriel H. Travis Departments of Ophthalmology and Biological Chemistry Jules Stein Eye Institute 100 Stein Plaza David Geffen School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles CA 90095, USA [email protected]
ISSN 1064-3745 e-ISSN 1940-6029 ISBN 978-1-60327-324-4 e-ISBN 978-1-60327-325-1 DOI 10.1007/978-1-60327-325-1 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2010928266 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Humana Press, c/o Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Humana Press is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface Technical advancement is a major driving force in the experimental sciences, and retinoid research is no exception. Ancient Egyptians recognized that fresh liver can cure night blindness. More than 3000 years later, vitamin A was identified as the essential ingredient in liver. Since then, the pace of discovery has accelerated due to the advent of new techniques, especially during the recent decades. The molecular mechanism for vitamin A’s physiological function was first elucidated in vision. Today, the biological functions of vitamin A have been found in almost all vertebrate organs, and its multitasking ability has continued to surprise researchers. In addition to vision, known biological functions of vitamin A include its roles in embryonic growth and development, immune competence, reproduction, maintenance of epithelial surfaces, and proper functioning of the a
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