Simulating and Monitoring the Temporal and Spatial Transfer of NPK Fertilizer in Agricultural Soils Using a Mathematical
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Simulating and Monitoring the Temporal and Spatial Transfer of NPK Fertilizer in Agricultural Soils Using a Mathematical Model and Multi-Channel Electrical Conductivity Measurement Pham Hong Phong 1,2 & Pham Ba Viet Anh 3 & Vu Thi Thu Ha 4 & Le Quoc Hung 1 & Le Minh Thanh 5 Received: 26 June 2020 / Accepted: 22 October 2020 # Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo 2020
Abstract The distribution of nutrients in agricultural soils, which were generated from the dissolution of a mixed inorganic fertilizer on the soil surface, was simulated via the temporal and spatial variation of the soil electrical conductivity (EC). The conventional partial differential convection-diffusion equation describing the transport of solutes was developed to substitute the term of concentration with the term of EC. In addition, the term describing the dominance between the generation and degradation of ions in soil was also included. COMSOL software was used to simulate the temporal and spatial variation of the soil EC at various positions. Using the developed equation, the temporal and spatial variation of the soil EC caused by one and two fertilizer sources was simulated successfully. The accuracy of the simulation was verified by monitoring the transfer of ions which were generated from NPK fertilizer in an experimental model. The root mean square error (RMSE) between two methods was in the range from 0.001 to 0.048 for various positions. Influences of factors on the transfer of ions in soil were also simulated to support for selection of fertilizer appropriate to soil. By fitting data obtained from two methods, the dominance between the generation and the degradation of ions in two different types of agricultural soils was also estimated and consistent with the soil textures. The developed mathematical equation could be helpful for prediction of the temporal and spatial transfer of nutrients which were generated from NPK fertilizer in soil to reduce the environmental degradation of the excessive use of inorganic fertilizers. Keywords Modeling . Fertilizer . Electrical conductivity . Soil
1 Introduction In recent years, the term of environmentally friendly products has been attended in agricultural activities. This is because the use of chemical fertilizers becomes more and more popular in
* Pham Hong Phong [email protected] 1
Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18, Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
2
Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, Hanoi, Vietnam
3
Department of Environmental Toxicology and Monitoring, Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment, Hanoi, Vietnam
4
University of Science and Technology of Ha Noi, VAST, Hanoi, Vietnam
5
ThuyLoi University, Hanoi, Vietnam
increasing the productivity and quality of agricultural products. However, the use of a huge amount of chemical fertilizers will create an excessiveness which causes great damages to not only plants but also to environment via volatilization, dispersion to the sur
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