Preparation and properties of SnO 2 /nitrogen-doped foamed carbon as anode materials for lithium ion batteries
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Preparation and properties of SnO2/nitrogen-doped foamed carbon as anode materials for lithium ion batteries Shenggao Wang 1 & Danyang Liu 1 & Jingjing Yang 1 & Geming Wang 1 & Quanrong Deng 1 Received: 25 November 2019 / Revised: 28 May 2020 / Accepted: 29 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The excellent lithium storage capacity of SnO2 makes it as a potential candidate for a new generation of lithium ion battery anodes. However, the large volume change (≥ 300%) produced during the deintercalation of lithium and the irreversible capacity generated by the conversion of SnO2 into Sn both inhibit the application of SnO2 on the negative electrode of lithium ion batteries. In order to solve these problems, SnO2 nanoparticles were grown in the vesicles or on the skeleton of the nitrogendoped foamed carbon. Due to the high mechanical strength and elasticity of porous structure, the foamed carbon serves as a buffering agent and provides space for volume expansion generated during the process of deintercalation lithium, and thus promotes the cycle stability of electrode. Furthermore, the incorporation of N atoms increases the electrical conductivity and active sites of the foamed carbon, which further improves the electrochemical performance of the composites. Consequently, the obtained NC/SnO2 electrode has a specific high capacity exceeding 750 mAh/g after 100 cycles at a current density of 0.1 A/g. The specific capacity of the battery also reaches a high level (≥ 450 mAh/g) at high current charge and discharge(1.6 A/g). Keywords Batteries . Anodes . Charging/discharging . Doping
Introduction Lithium ion batteries have been widely used in human social life, such as electronic products, electric vehicles, etc. [1]. However, on account of the increasing demand for high energy density, the main commercial battery anode material graphite can hardly meet this demand due to its low theoretical capacity (372 mAh/g), and thus, the development of alternative cathode materials with high specific capacities has become an urgent task [2–5]. SnO2 has attracted intensive attention due to its high theoretical capacity and rich resource reserve [6–9]. The lithium storage process of SnO2 is considered to be an alloy type, and the electrochemical process of lithium storage can be carried out in two steps. The first step is generally considered to be irreversible that Li replaces Sn in SnO2 to form metal Sn and Li2O. And then, the metal Sn reversibly reacts with metal Li to form LiXSn alloy (0 ≤ X ≤ 4.4). The
* Quanrong Deng [email protected] 1
Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Material, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
maximum capacities produced by these two steps are 711 mAh/g and 783 mAh/g, respectively [10–12], giving rise to the high theoretical specific capacity of SnO2 up to 1494 mAh/g, which is far exceeding the graphite anode material for commercial applications. Although the SnO2 anode material has a high theoretical spe
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