X-Chromosome Inactivation Methods and Protocols

This book details recently developed technologies and conventionally employed cytological proceduresfor the study of X-Chromosome Inactivation. Chapters detail live imaging, bioinformatic methods, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and immunofluores

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Takashi Sado Editor

X-Chromosome Inactivation Methods and Protocols

Methods

in

M o l e c u l a r B i o lo g y

Series Editor John M. Walker School of Life and Medical Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7651

X-Chromosome Inactivation Methods and Protocols

Edited by

Takashi Sado Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan

Editor Takashi Sado Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture Kindai University Nara, Japan

ISSN 1064-3745     ISSN 1940-6029 (electronic) Methods in Molecular Biology ISBN 978-1-4939-8765-8    ISBN 978-1-4939-8766-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8766-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018954938 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Humana Press imprint is published by the registered company Springer Science+Business Media, LLC part of Springer Nature. The registered company address is: 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, U.S.A.

Preface Since the hypothesis proposed by Lyon in 1961, X chromosome inactivation in female mammals has been a paradigm for epigenetic gene regulation and extensively studied for more than half a century. Many developmental biologists and geneticists made great efforts to understand the mechanism by which two equivalent X chromosomes in a single nucleus behave differently in various cellular processes such as transcription, replication, and kinetics of chromatin condensation despite the fact that both X chromosomes are exposed to the same environment. One of the most important breakthroughs was the discovery of XIST/Xist RNA, which is an X-encoded long noncoding RNA exclusively expressed from the inactive X chromosome in female somatic