Coenocyathus sebroecki sp. nov.: a new azooxanthellate coral (Scleractinia, Caryophylliidae) from southeastern Brazil
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Coenocyathus sebroecki sp. nov.: a new azooxanthellate coral (Scleractinia, Caryophylliidae) from southeastern Brazil M. V. Kitahara 1,2
&
K. C. C. Capel 2 & A. E. Migotto 2
Received: 28 January 2020 / Revised: 17 April 2020 / Accepted: 22 April 2020 # Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2020
Abstract Containing 51 extant genera and over 300 species, the family Caryophylliidae Dana, 1846 is reported from Antarctica to the Arctic, ranging from shallow to deep waters. Even though most caryophylliids are solitary, the majority of the most extensive deep-water reefs have their main engineers in colonial representatives of this family. However, several of these colonial species are small-sized and are usually found in shallow waters. Based on a study of colonies collected during scuba diving at Alcatrazes Archipelagos’ main island (São Paulo State) and Ilha Rasa (Rio de Janeiro), Brazil, a new species belonging to the genus Coenocyathus Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 is described as C. sebroecki sp. nov. The species identity and its phylogenetic position within the Caryophylliidae could be distinguished by using morphological and genetic data. Also, the description of the cnidom of this species and remarks on its biology are provided, as well as a brief discussion on the polyphyly of the Caryophylliidae and an identification key for all extant Coenocyathus species. Keywords Cnidaria . Hard coral . New species . Alcatrazes archipelago . SW Atlantic . Mesenterial filaments
Introduction Scleractinian corals are the main framework builders of modern coral reefs, which represent one of the most diverse ecosystems on the planet. Recently, in response to the fast degradation of most shallow-water coral reefs due to climate change (e.g., Carpenter et al. 2008), pollution (e.g., Dubinsky and Stambler 1996) urbanization (e.g., Heery et al. 2018), sedimentation (Erftemeijer et al. 2012), and diseases (e.g., Rosenberg and Ben-Haim 2002; Montilla et al. 2019), This article is registered in ZooBank under http://zoobank.org/ BC3889DF-9DB5-4178-88BC-74645C665F18 Communicated by B. W. Hoeksema Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-020-01077-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * M. V. Kitahara [email protected] 1
Institute of Marine Science, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
2
Center for Marine Biology, University of São Paulo, São Sebastião, Brazil
extensive attention has been given to its zooxanthellate representatives. However, although found from shallow to bathyal waters (Cairns 2007), studies on azooxanthellate coral species remain relatively scarce. In terms of extant representatives from these ecological groups, azooxanthellate corals represent nearly 45% of the known species, distributed in 13 families and 121 genera (Cairns 2009). Among these, the exclusively azooxanthellate family Caryophylliidae Dana, 1846 is the most speciose, being divided over 40 recent genera (Hoeksema an
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